Tellurite And Fluorotellurite Glasses For Active And Passive

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Contents; MDO ii 3.3. Glass melting 72 3.4. Fluorination of ZnF2 78 3.5. References 80 4. Thermal properties and glass stability 82 4.1. Experimental 83 4.1.1. Method, instrumentation and theory of operation 83 4.1.1.1. DTA 83 4.1.1.2. DSC 85 4.1.2. Identification of transformations 86 4.1.3. Modelling transformation kinetics 91 4.1.4. Experimental considerations 96 4.1.5. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) experiments 98 4.2. Results 100 4.2.1. DTA traces of oxide glasses 100 4.2.2. DTA traces of fluorotellurite glasses 104 4.3. Discussion 114 4.4. Summary 128 4.5. References 129 5. Crystallisation studies 134 5.1. Experimental 134 5.1.1. X-ray diffraction (XRD) 134 5.1.1.1. Method and instrumentation 134 5.1.1.2. Theory of operation 135 5.2. Results 139 5.2.1. XRD 139 5.2.1.1. XRD of batch materials 139 5.2.1.2. XRD of deposits from glass melting and fluorination 146 5.2.1.3. XRD of glasses which crystallised during processing and characterisation 149 5.2.1.4. Heat treated Er +3 -doped compositions 152 5.3. Discussion 154 5.3.1. XRD 154 5.3.1.1. XRD of batch materials 154 5.3.1.2. XRD of deposits from glass melting and fluorination 156 5.3.1.3. XRD of glasses which crystallised during processing and characterisation 159 5.3.1.4. Heat treated Er +3 -doped compositions 162 5.4. Summary 163 5.5. References 163 6. Optical properties 165 6.1. Experimental 165 6.1.1. Infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy 165 6.1.1.1. Method and instrumentation 165 6.1.1.2. Theory of operation 166 6.1.2. Ellipsometry 180
Contents; MDO iii 6.1.2.1. Method and instrumentation 180 6.1.2.2. Theory of operation 180 6.2. Results 183 6.2.1. Infrared spectroscopy 183 6.2.1.1. Infrared spectroscopy of oxide tellurite glasses 183 6.2.1.2. Infrared spectroscopy of fluorotellurite glasses 202 6.2.1.3. Spectroscopy of Er +3 -doped compositions 216 6.2.2. Refractive index (ellipsometry) 220 6.2.2.1. Refractive index of oxide tellurite glasses 220 6.2.2.2. Refractive index of fluorotellurite glasses 221 6.3. Discussion 223 6.3.1. Infrared spectroscopy 224 6.3.1.1. Infrared spectroscopy of oxide tellurite glasses 224 6.3.1.2. Infrared spectroscopy of fluorotellurite glasses 236 6.3.1.3. Spectroscopy of Er +3 -doped compositions 240 6.3.2. Refractive index (ellipsometry) 243 6.3.2.1. Refractive index of oxide tellurite glasses 243 6.3.2.2. Refractive index of fluorotellurite glasses 243 6.4. Summary 244 6.5. References 245 7. Surface properties 249 7.1. Experimental 250 7.1.1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 250 7.1.1.1. Method and instrumentation 250 7.1.1.2. Theory of operation 252 7.1.2. Chemical and environmental durability 256 7.1.2.1. Method 256 7.1.3. Ion exchange 258 7.1.3.1. Method and instrumentation 258 7.1.3.2. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) 259 7.2. Results 272 7.2.1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 272 7.2.1.1 XPS of ZnF2 powder 272 7.2.1.2. XPS of oxide tellurite glasses 274 7.2.1.3. XPS of fluorotellurite glasses 278 7.2.2. Chemical and environmental durability 289 7.2.2.1. Durability of oxide tellurite glasses 289 7.2.2.2. Durability of fluorotellurite glasses 296 7.2.3. Ion exchange 304 7.3. Discussion 306 7.3.1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 306 7.3.1.1 XPS of ZnF2 powder 306 7.3.1.2. XPS of oxide tellurite glasses 308 7.3.1.3. XPS of fluorotellurite glasses 310 7.3.2. Chemical and environmental durability 314 7.3.2.1. Durability of oxide tellurite glasses 314 7.3.2.2. Durability of fluorotellurite glasses 316 7.3.3. Ion exchange 320
Page 1 and 2: TELLURITE AND FLUOROTELLURITE GLASS
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Glasses systems based on T
Page 5: Contents; MDO i Contents Contents i
Page 9 and 10: Glossary; MDO Glossary aM = partial
Page 11 and 12: Glossary; MDO λ = wavelength λn =
Page 13 and 14: Glossary; MDO Ψ = complex dielectr
Page 15 and 16: 1. Introduction; MDO 2 communicatio
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Page 21 and 22: 1. Introduction; MDO 8 [14] J. E. S
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2. Literature review; MDO 62 [20] J
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2. Literature review; MDO 64 [47] S
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3. Glass batching and melting; MDO
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4. Thermal properties and glass sta
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5. Crystallisation studies; MDO 134
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6. Optical properties; MDO 166 75-5
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6. Optical properties; MDO 168 Fig.
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6. Optical properties; MDO 176 Abso
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6. Optical properties; MDO 180 6.1.
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6. Optical properties; MDO 182 ( n
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6. Optical properties; MDO 186 %),
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6. Optical properties; MDO 188 Tabl
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Percentage (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
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6. Optical properties; MDO 204 Loss
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6. Optical properties; MDO 208 Tabl
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6. Optical properties; MDO 214 Loss
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Refractive index, n , at 632.8 nm 6
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6. Optical properties; MDO 228 tell
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6. Optical properties; MDO 230 mole
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6. Optical properties; MDO 232 occu
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6. Optical properties; MDO 234 The
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6. Optical properties; MDO 236 addi
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6. Optical properties; MDO 238 an o
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6. Optical properties; MDO 240 30 m
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6. Optical properties; MDO 244 zinc
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6. Optical properties; MDO 246 [4]
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6. Optical properties; MDO 248 [32]
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7. Surface properties; MDO 250 7.1.
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7. Surface properties; MDO 252 For
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7. Surface properties; MDO 256 wher
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7. Surface properties; MDO 258 etch
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7. Surface properties; MDO 260 Elem
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7. Surface properties; MDO 262 All
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7. Surface properties; MDO 264 beco
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7. Surface properties; MDO 270 LaB6
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7. Surface properties; MDO 274 Tabl
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7. Surface properties; MDO 276 This
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7. Surface properties; MDO 280 Fig.
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7. Surface properties; MDO 282 CPS
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7. Surface properties; MDO 302 Wt.
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7. Surface properties; MDO 304 All
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7. Surface properties; MDO 306 The
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[Zn(OH,F)F] / mol. % 7. Surface pro
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7. Surface properties; MDO 310 bind
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7. Surface properties; MDO 312 ZnF2
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7. Surface properties; MDO 314 clea
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7. Surface properties; MDO 316 have
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7. Surface properties; MDO 320 quan
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7. Surface properties; MDO 322 ∫
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7. Surface properties; MDO 324 This
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7. Surface properties; MDO 326 Ther
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7. Surface properties; MDO 328 [2]
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 330 8. Fibre
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 332 The data
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 334 Table (8.
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Preform 8. Fibre drawing; MDO 336 S
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 338 (a) (b) F
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 340 Log10(η)
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 342 sectioned
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 344 Fig. (8.9
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 350 Crystals
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 352 8.2.4. Op
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 354 Table (8.
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 356 confirmed
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 358 Log10(η)
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 360 It can be
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 362 undercool
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 364 1. 2. 3.
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 366 cross-sha
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 368 A small n
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 370 particles
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8. Fibre drawing; MDO 374 [25] D. M
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9. Conclusions; MDO 376 optical bas
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9. Conclusions; MDO 382 • For fib
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9. Conclusions; MDO 384 edge across
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9. Conclusions; MDO 392 [5] I. Shal
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10. Future work; MDO 394 Fig. (10.1
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Temperature / o C 10. Future work;
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Tellurite And Fluorotellurite Glasses For Active And Passive

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