Self-Assembly of Synthetic and Biological Polymeric Systems of ...

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2.9.- Rheology Rheology involves the study of the deformation and flow of matter due to compressive stresses acting on a material. Particularly, it refers to the behaviour of materials when a mechanical force is applied on. Rheology includes three main concepts such as force, deformation and time. Irreversible flows, reversible elastic deformations or their combination (viscoelasticity) can, therefore, model and describe a rheological phenomenon under certain assumptions. The type of deformation depends on the state of matter; for example, gases and liquids will flow when a force is applied, whilst solids will deform by a fixed amount and, then, back to their original shape when the force is removed. In the case of polymers, the rheological and mechanical properties affect the polymers molecular properties, such as their molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, conformation, architecture and crystallinity (49)(50). Figure2.20 Schematic diagram of basic tool geometries for a rotational rheometer: a) concentric cylinder, b) cone and plate, c) parallel plate (50). A typical rheometer measures the velocity of displacement of the moving surface and the force exerted on one of the surfaces. Most rheometers are based on rotary motion and use one of the three following geometries (Figure 2.20): concentric cylinder, cone and plate, and parallel disk. In most cases the same rotary instrument can use all three of these flow geometries. To generate the needed motion, they typically use actuators like a hydraulic piston or ball screws found in standard tensile testing machines for solids. Solenoids or other electromechanical actuator are often used for small amplitudes and low forces. There are two basic designs of rheometers: controlled stress ones, where the stress is applied electrically via a motor measuring the strain; and controlled strain instruments, in which a strain is imposed and the stress is computed from the deformation of a calibrated spring system (50). 58
2.9.1.- Viscoelasticity Many materials can be classified as solid or fluids, displaying elastic and viscous behaviour respectively. Viscoelastic materials such as polymers combine the characteristics of both elastic and viscous materials depending on the experimental time scale. Application of a stress of relatively long duration may cause some flow and irrecoverable deformation, while a rapid shearing would induce an elastic response in some polymeric fluids. Then, a classification of these materials should include a consideration of the timescale of the measurement relative to the characteristic time of the material. This ratio is given by the Deborah number (De): when De is 1 the material will display both viscous and elastic behaviour and is described as viscoelastic, whilst, for De » 1 and De « 1 the material has solid-like and viscous-like behaviour, respectively (49)(50). Pure elastic solid behaviour may be exemplified by a Hookean spring, and pure viscous flow can be exemplified by the behaviour of a dashpot, which is essentially a piston moving in a cylinder of Newtonian fluid. Nevertheless, the viscoelasticity cannot be described accurately by neither spring nor dashpot alone, but a combination of both. In this way, several mechanical models have been developed to describe the viscoelastic response of a given material. All of these mechanical models are, then, supported on the combination of these two simple elements (spring and dashpot), which represented the elastic behaviour of a solid body, and the viscous flow for a liquid, respectively. Among all models, Maxwell’s and Kelvin-Voigt’s models are the most frequently used (Figure 2.21) (50). a) b) E Figure 2.21. a) Maxwell’s and b) Voigt’s models. The use of mechanical models such as the spring and dashpot as analogues of the behaviour of real materials enables us to describe very complex experimental behaviours using a simple combination of models. The uses of models to represent a wide range of deformation are not restricted to the application of shear stress; however, in this section, we will focus on the shear properties of the material (1). E 59
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Grupo de Física de Coloides y Pol
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Agradecimientos A mi Familia A mi P
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v List of papers I. Self-assembly p
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2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.
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5.4 5.5 5.3.2 5.5.1 Chapter 6 Kinet
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amiloides de la proteína albúmina
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vesiculares son el resultado de la
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origina debido a condiciones ambien
Page 22 and 23: con las fibras vecinas más cercana
Page 25 and 26: Abstract In the present work, we in
Page 27: [Au]/[protein] molar ratio and numb
Page 30 and 31: synthetic polymers are obtained fro
Page 32 and 33: On the other hand, in terms of chem
Page 34 and 35: Additionally, to obtain a better kn
Page 36 and 37: therefore, characteristic of solid
Page 38 and 39: presence of electrostatic charge in
Page 41 and 42: Contents 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.
Page 43 and 44: where w is the meniscus’ weight d
Page 45 and 46: that they exert little force one on
Page 47 and 48: This oscillating dipole acts as an
Page 49 and 50: (APD) and its associated optics (pi
Page 51 and 52: where r is the distance of the dipo
Page 53 and 54: When , the former equation can be s
Page 55 and 56: autocorrelation function (ACF). In
Page 57 and 58: and, therefore, . The autocorrelati
Page 59 and 60: A transmission electron microscope
Page 61 and 62: 2.5.- Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Page 63 and 64: ecause of the energy loss in the ex
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2.15. Schematic representati
Page 67 and 68: ackbone of proteins. Since proteins
Page 69 and 70: According to classical mechanics, t
Page 71: chemical composition, configuration
Page 75 and 76: where is the total strain rate, whi
Page 77 and 78: Using equations 2.40 and 2.41 in eq
Page 79 and 80: scattering process that incoming X-
Page 81 and 82: maximum intensity of the peak, Imax
Page 83 and 84: translation of the reciprocal latti
Page 85 and 86: For a single crystal, the chance to
Page 87 and 88: excitation; namely, a valance elect
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.27. Distinction between si
Page 91 and 92: microscope, there are two polarized
Page 93 and 94: In particular, we use SQUID to meas
Page 95 and 96: are aligned by means of an external
Page 97 and 98: on the digital profile of a drop im
Page 99 and 100: Laser confocal microscopy. Confocal
Page 101 and 102: Fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluoresc
Page 103: Superconducting quantum interferenc
Page 106 and 107: temperatures, the chains are mixed
Page 108 and 109: e detected by a given method. Therm
Page 110 and 111: subsequently, of their thermodynami
Page 112 and 113: a) O b) H 2C CH 2 O H 2C CH Figure
Page 115: Contents 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 CHAPTER
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7112 Langmuir, Vol. 24, No. 14, 200
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7114 Langmuir, Vol. 24, No. 14, 200
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7116 Langmuir, Vol. 24, No. 14, 200
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15704 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, N
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4.3.1.- Relevant aspects I. For E12
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Contents 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.1.1
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acids whose lateral side chains cha
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adjacent segments of an antiparalle
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5.2.1.- Unfolded state Over the las
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5.2.4.- Energy landscape: protein a
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molecular medicine viewpoint, prote
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shows the typical nucleation-depend
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the energy landscape of the aggrega
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exposed loop region. The secondary
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Biophysical Journal Volume 96 March
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2355 q
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2357 mo
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2359 in
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2361 Fu
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2363 FI
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2365 Wh
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2367 of
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2369 17
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Influence of Electrostatic Interact
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Fibrillation Process of Human Serum
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12392 J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 113, N
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Soft Matt
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5 10 15 20 25 r h,app = kT/(6πηD
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 below,
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5 10 15 20 25 30 55 Figure 3: Selec
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10 15 Soft Matter Cite this: DOI: 1
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5 10 15 Soft Matter Cite this: DOI:
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5 65. L. A. Sikkink, M. Ramirez-Alv
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ions would interact electrostatical
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pubs.acs.org/JPCL Figure 3. (a) Tim
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(54) Almeida, N. L.; Oliveira, C. L
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netospirillum magneticum strain AMB
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One-Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires
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temperatures, and solvent polarity.
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Conclusions The work has two parts:
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equire a highly organized and unsta
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References 1. Hiemenz, Paul C. Poly
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33. Wang, Z. L. HANDBOOK OF MICROSC
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67. Polymers Get Organized. Bucknal
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94. Are there Pathways for Protein
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123. Designing conditions for in vi
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151. SERS-based diagnosis and biode
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