Self-Assembly of Synthetic and Biological Polymeric Systems of ...

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primary beam, sample, and detector; The sample alignment and monitor assist users about sample positioning into the instrument and monitors the sample state and position; The area detector intercepts and records the scattering X-rays from a sample, and it saves and displays the diffraction pattern into a frame. Each of the former basic components may have several options suitable for various application and functions. The whole system is controlled by a computer equipped with a software for instrument control, data acquisition and data analysis. In addition to the five basic components, there are some other accessories, such as a low and high-temperature stages, helium or vacuum beam path for SAXS, beam stop, and alignment and calibration fixtures. Figure 2.25. Scheme of a X-ray diffractometer. 2.11.- Additional experimental techniques used in fibrillogenesis studies 2.11.1.- UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy Spectra are observed as the result of the energy exchange between a substance and the electromagnetic radiation. If the energy is absorbed by a substance from the radiation field, we have absorption spectra; if the energy is added to the radiation field, emission spectra are observed. An electromagnetic radiation may be characterized by the frequency , the wavelength , or the wave number . They are related as , velocity of light (39)(40)(53). ; where c is the The three most important types of optical spectroscopies are ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis), fluorescence and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. They differ only in the selection of the incident light wavelength. Both UV-Vis and fluorescence describe the phenomenon of electron 72
excitation; namely, a valance electron of a molecule is excited upon absorbing energy from the electromagnetic radiation and is, thereby, transferred from one energy level to other more energetic level. The spectra are electronic. In contrast, IR spectra describe the vibration of atoms (not electrons) around a chemical bond, as previously described in certain detail. An electron transition consists of the promotion of an electron from a molecular orbital in the ground state to an unoccupied orbital by absorption of a photon. The molecule is, then, said to be in an excited state. Let us recall first the various types of molecular orbitals. A orbital can be formed either from two s atomic orbitals, from one s and one p, or from two p atomic orbitals having a collinear symmetry axis. The bond formed in this way is called a bond. A orbital is formed from two p atomic orbitals overlapping laterally. The resulting bond is called a bond. For example, in ethylene (CH2=CH2) the two carbon atoms are linked by one and one bond. Absorption of appropriate energy can promote, for example, one of the electrons to an anti-bonding orbital denoted by . The transition is, then, called . A molecule may also possess non-bonding electrons located on heteroatoms such oxygen or nitrogen. The corresponding molecular orbitals are called orbitals. Promotion of a non- bonding electron to an anti-bonding orbital is possible, and the associated transition is denoted by . Hence, molecules containing a non-bonding electron, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, or halogens, often exhibit absorption in the UV region. To illustrate these energy levels, Figure 2.26 shows formaldehyde as an example with all their possible transitions. In particular, the transition deserves further attention: upon excitation, an electron is removed from the oxygen atom and goes into the orbital localized half on the carbon atom and half on the oxygen atom. The excited state, thus, has a charge transfer character, as shown by the increase observed in the dipole moment regarding the ground state dipole moment of C=O (40)(53). In summary, the electronic transitions observed in UV-Vis spectroscopy are , , , , , and . The energy of these electronic transitions is, generally, in the following order: < < < < < . Of the six transitions outlined, only the two lowest energetic ones ( and ) are achieved by the energies available in the 200 to 800 nm. The last four types of electronic transitions required higher energy inputs, below 200 nm, corresponding to the far ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum. For instance, most transitions for individual bonds take place below 200 nm and a compound containing only bonds is transparent (near 73
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Grupo de Física de Coloides y Pol
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Agradecimientos A mi Familia A mi P
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v List of papers I. Self-assembly p
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2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.
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5.4 5.5 5.3.2 5.5.1 Chapter 6 Kinet
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amiloides de la proteína albúmina
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vesiculares son el resultado de la
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origina debido a condiciones ambien
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con las fibras vecinas más cercana
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Abstract In the present work, we in
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[Au]/[protein] molar ratio and numb
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synthetic polymers are obtained fro
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On the other hand, in terms of chem
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Additionally, to obtain a better kn
Page 36 and 37: therefore, characteristic of solid
Page 38 and 39: presence of electrostatic charge in
Page 41 and 42: Contents 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.
Page 43 and 44: where w is the meniscus’ weight d
Page 45 and 46: that they exert little force one on
Page 47 and 48: This oscillating dipole acts as an
Page 49 and 50: (APD) and its associated optics (pi
Page 51 and 52: where r is the distance of the dipo
Page 53 and 54: When , the former equation can be s
Page 55 and 56: autocorrelation function (ACF). In
Page 57 and 58: and, therefore, . The autocorrelati
Page 59 and 60: A transmission electron microscope
Page 61 and 62: 2.5.- Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
Page 63 and 64: ecause of the energy loss in the ex
Page 65 and 66: Figure 2.15. Schematic representati
Page 67 and 68: ackbone of proteins. Since proteins
Page 69 and 70: According to classical mechanics, t
Page 71 and 72: chemical composition, configuration
Page 73 and 74: 2.9.1.- Viscoelasticity Many materi
Page 75 and 76: where is the total strain rate, whi
Page 77 and 78: Using equations 2.40 and 2.41 in eq
Page 79 and 80: scattering process that incoming X-
Page 81 and 82: maximum intensity of the peak, Imax
Page 83 and 84: translation of the reciprocal latti
Page 85: For a single crystal, the chance to
Page 89 and 90: Figure 2.27. Distinction between si
Page 91 and 92: microscope, there are two polarized
Page 93 and 94: In particular, we use SQUID to meas
Page 95 and 96: are aligned by means of an external
Page 97 and 98: on the digital profile of a drop im
Page 99 and 100: Laser confocal microscopy. Confocal
Page 101 and 102: Fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluoresc
Page 103: Superconducting quantum interferenc
Page 106 and 107: temperatures, the chains are mixed
Page 108 and 109: e detected by a given method. Therm
Page 110 and 111: subsequently, of their thermodynami
Page 112 and 113: a) O b) H 2C CH 2 O H 2C CH Figure
Page 115: Contents 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.3.1 CHAPTER
Page 118 and 119: 7108 Langmuir, Vol. 24, No. 14, 200
Page 128 and 129: 15704 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, N
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15712 J. Phys. Chem. C, Vol. 114, N
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4.3.1.- Relevant aspects I. For E12
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Contents 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.1.1
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acids whose lateral side chains cha
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adjacent segments of an antiparalle
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5.2.1.- Unfolded state Over the las
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5.2.4.- Energy landscape: protein a
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molecular medicine viewpoint, prote
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shows the typical nucleation-depend
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the energy landscape of the aggrega
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exposed loop region. The secondary
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Biophysical Journal Volume 96 March
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2355 q
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2357 mo
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2359 in
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2361 Fu
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2363 FI
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2365 Wh
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2367 of
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Fibrillation Pathway of HSA 2369 17
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Influence of Electrostatic Interact
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Fibrillation Process of Human Serum
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12392 J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 113, N
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Soft Matt
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5 10 15 20 25 r h,app = kT/(6πηD
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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 below,
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5 10 15 20 25 30 55 Figure 3: Selec
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10 15 Soft Matter Cite this: DOI: 1
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5 10 15 Soft Matter Cite this: DOI:
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5 65. L. A. Sikkink, M. Ramirez-Alv
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ions would interact electrostatical
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pubs.acs.org/JPCL Figure 3. (a) Tim
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(54) Almeida, N. L.; Oliveira, C. L
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netospirillum magneticum strain AMB
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One-Dimensional Magnetic Nanowires
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temperatures, and solvent polarity.
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Conclusions The work has two parts:
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equire a highly organized and unsta
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References 1. Hiemenz, Paul C. Poly
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33. Wang, Z. L. HANDBOOK OF MICROSC
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67. Polymers Get Organized. Bucknal
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94. Are there Pathways for Protein
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123. Designing conditions for in vi
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151. SERS-based diagnosis and biode
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