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(512) DPi IP subject I VP V In this analysis, the DP complement of the preposition receives both case and the agent theta role from the preposition by. I' ti V' V en VP PP by agent As Collins notes, there are problems with this analysis. First, it violates the uniform theta assignment hypothesis (UTAH), as proposed by Baker (1988) (Watanabe 1993, Mahajan 1994). In both an active and a passive sentence, a DP may receive an agent theta role. But in the active sentence, it is assigned to the DP external argument of the verb, which is merged as the specifier of vP. In a passive sentence, however, the agent theta role is assigned to the DP complement of the preposition by. So, the agent theta role is assigned to one syntactic position in an active sentence but to a different position in a passive sentence. Second, the traditional structure does not explain why a by phrase cannot occur in other positions, such as in nominals, or why it is limited to being the external argument in passives. Finally, it doesn't really explain how accusative case is absorbed in a passive. Why would the suffix –en on the passive verb need to be assigned case since it is not an argument of the verb? 214
Instead, Collins proposes the structure for passive sentences that is shown in (513) (adapted from Collins 2005): (513) subjectj Part IP I PartPi Vk en Part' I' VoiceP VP tj V' In Collins' analysis, by is the head of VoiceP rather than of a prepositional phrase. This fact explains its distribution because, as the realization of a passive voice head, it may only occur in passive sentences. Since the agent phrase in this passive structure is merged as the external argument of the verb, the agent theta role is assigned to the same position (spec vP) in both active and passive sentences, which means that UTAH is not violated. Finally, Collins proposes that accusative case is dissociated from v and somehow moves to the Voice head so that the agent phrase receives accusative case from the Voice head by. Therefore–en does not absorb accusative case. tk Voice by Voice' agent vP v' v ti Another important feature of Collins' analysis is the movement of PartP to the specifier of VoiceP. Because accusative case is assigned by Voice to the DP occupying 215
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angele
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
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3.3.2.4 Final subjects and right di
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .intrans intr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many peo
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Marshallese teachers in Majuro: Isa
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VITA October 29, 1974 Born, Mesa, A
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Subjec
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Chapter 1. Introduction Why study l
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Figure 1. Location of the Republic
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their late childhood years. All con
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fewer then 10,000 speakers. These l
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phonological and information status
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three secondary places of articulat
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Table 5. Marshallese diphthongs (ad
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showing the orthography used by the
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Demonstratives also have a human/no
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(11) E-ar den#ōt ladik ro. E-ar de
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languages, in which "a disjunctive
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(30) a. Mary e-kar lotak ilo Namori
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2.2.5 Adjectives 6 Marshallese has
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When ka- prefixes to an intransitiv
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In examples containing the causativ
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However, this verb is more complica
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When the verb contains a high vowel
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(64) Oror eo, piik eo e-ar kokkure.
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(70) ar 'toward the lagoon side' ā
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intransitive or transitive form (if
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Ungrammatical examples, in which th
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2.2.6.4.5 Underlyingly transitive -
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(94) intransitive transitive Englis
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(100) I-lukkuun kōnaan eon#ōd ek.
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(104) Noun Verb Source at 'hat' ata
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an 'won't', negative future. (109)
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There is also an adverb that relate
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. *Kw-ar le ke lok mōn#ā eo n#an
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morphemes are possible. Based on th
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(141) Laddik nana eo e-ar etal im k
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In addition to the standard relativ
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(153) Leddik eo e-ar koot-e būruo-
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Table 12. Possessive classifiers 13
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(165) Bōlen i-naaj wia a-n Mary ju
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2.3.3.1 Verbless sentences There is
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2.3.3.2 Sentences with overt verbs
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(188) Ritti bwebwenato eo mokta ipp
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(198) *Ke John e-j kōnono ippā-n
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(205) a. I-jaje e-j ke ka-ire kaula
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ta 'what' (210) a. Ta ko kidu ko re
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with a plural agreement clitic (220
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2.3.4.2.3.3 Class 3 There are also
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2.3.4.2.5 Resumptive elements With
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equired in an indirect wh- question
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. Mary e-ar ron# n#āāt eo Jikko e
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3. Basic W
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sentence final This term refers to
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have right dislocated subjects. I w
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But it is possible for the PP argum
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First, the subject may be sentence
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The generalization for those transi
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*V S CP b.*E-kōnaan pastō eo bwe
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V S CP b. E-ar jelā kōrā eo bwe
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S V (288) a. Irooj ro re-naaj ettō
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V PP S (293) Re-j kōnono ippā-n l
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This sentence includes a pause of a
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Sentences with internal subjects la
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Right dislocation refers to a proce
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(272) Rej bōkĜok bwiro ko [pause]
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Gundel (1974) and Chafe (1976, 1987
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3.3.2.2 Indefinites A second diagno
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If we first investigate whether the
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The second context in which these s
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information status of internal subj
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Mokilese also allows variable word
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(329) a. Mwet sac arulac puhlaik. p
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Chapter 4. The Structure of Marshal
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V S (289) b. E-ju ni eo. 3s.agr-be.
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(339) a. Bilal e-naaj ke etal n#an
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(347) a. Kidu eo e-kar kōpl-e. dog
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4.1.2 Adverbs and the negative Anot
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When combined with constituency evi
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such as wh- or focus movement. Sinc
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(364) AgrSP prom AgrS e 3s AgrS' T
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(367) a. R-ar bar unojidrikdrik kō
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correct, as illustrated by the fact
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Bajjek must precede the internal su
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vP coordination; and across the boa
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In order for this to be the correct
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(384) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' T 4.2.5
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features. Therefore, if the subject
Page 181 and 182: position higher in the structure th
Page 183 and 184: Given this ordering, if bar precede
Page 185 and 186: (398) a. Li individuano facilmente,
Page 187 and 188: (401) [R-ar tutu i ar] im [r-ar eon
Page 189 and 190: (409) R-ar tutu [i lik leddik ro] i
Page 191 and 192: However, there are two flaws with t
Page 193 and 194: phonological pattern seems to be on
Page 195 and 196: (415) AgrSPm tl AgrS r 3pl AgrS' Vj
Page 197 and 198: 4.4 The structure of sentences with
Page 199 and 200: *V S O PP (423) [FocP [AgrSP [AccP
Page 201 and 202: Table 19. Subject position with CP
Page 203 and 204: specifier of the verb phrase. If th
Page 205 and 206: But there are no sentence modifying
Page 207 and 208: 5.1 Introduction Chapter 5. Passive
Page 209 and 210: words, how do we really know that M
Page 211 and 212: intransitive form of the verb. Alte
Page 213 and 214: (444) a. R-ar lemelm jaki ko ilo mw
Page 215 and 216: (452) Ilo manit in Majel, leddik re
Page 217 and 218: Agent phrases headed by these three
Page 219 and 220: (462) *Nuknuk eo a-ō e-būrōrō i
Page 221 and 222: (469) a. Mon wia eo e-ar etal. plac
Page 223 and 224: c. *Irooj ro r-ar bōnbōn in leroo
Page 225 and 226: the stative form. For example, jebj
Page 227 and 228: Stative sentences also allow postve
Page 229 and 230: . E-abwinmake likao eo jān jine-n.
Page 231: c. *Leddik eo e-kar den#den# in lad
Page 235 and 236: (514) This structure also includes
Page 237 and 238: (515) DPj amimōno ko 'the handcraf
Page 239 and 240: 5.5.2 Sentences internal subjects a
Page 241 and 242: (518) In passives, the VP must move
Page 243 and 244: (519) AgrSP AgrS r 3pl In accordanc
Page 245 and 246: But in a sentence containing an ipp
Page 247 and 248: 5.7 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 249 and 250: verbs have two important properties
Page 251 and 252: The data presented in Table 21 show
Page 253 and 254: (532) c. *Kōrā ro r-ar lōmnak in
Page 255 and 256: Despite appearing to occupy the sam
Page 257 and 258: It is difficult to distinguish betw
Page 259 and 260: (551) a. Ri-jerakrōk ro r-ar i-tok
Page 261 and 262: 6.5.2 Monoclausal infinitives - typ
Page 263 and 264: The subject may also be sentence fi
Page 265 and 266: (572) Kweilok eo e-ar ijjino in Wat
Page 267 and 268: (578) a. *E-ar kajjion# taktō eo i
Page 269 and 270: Wurmbrand shows that, in the case o
Page 271 and 272: difficulty articulating the differe
Page 273 and 274: However, dummy subject are not poss
Page 275 and 276: (601) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' TP T Th
Page 277 and 278: (604) DPj jaki ko 'the mats' AgrSP
Page 279 and 280: and incorporates with Voice. Thus a
Page 281 and 282: others. The behavior of the differe
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verbs that moved to X, we would exp
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internal, then the movement of the
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Chapter 7. Conclusions and Discussi
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References Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Be
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Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist Inq
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Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The Antisym
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Rizzi, Luigi. 2001. On the position
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