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existence of different infinitival classes. Two of these classes are characterized by (548), which includes the matrix verb lōmnak, and (549), which includes the matrix verb jino. (548) Kōrā ro r-ar lōmnak in āj. woman the.pl.h 3pl.agr-T(past) plan IN weave.intrans 'The women planned to weave.' (549) Kōrā ro r-ar jino āj. woman the.pl.h 3pl.agr-T(past) start.trans weave.intrans 'The women started to weave.' These classes differ as to whether: 1. in is required 2. the subject may immediately follow the matrix verb 3. long passives are possible 4. there are scope ambiguities with the negative Based on their behavior with respect to these four properties, Marshallese infinitives can be divided into three classes. The first, categorized by sentences like (548), are biclausal. The final two classes are monoclausal, but their behaviors with respect to these properties indicate that they have different structures. Each of these categories will be discussed in the next three subsections. 6.5.1 Biclausal infinitives The majority of Marshallese infinitives have a biclausal structure. Biclausal infinitives must include in, as shown in (550) and (551). If in is absent, the sentence is ungrammatical (550b) and (551b). (550) a. Kōrā eo e-ar lōmnak in āj. woman the.s 3s.agr-T(past) plan IN weave.intrans 'The woman planned to weave.' b. *Kōrā eo e-ar lōmnak āj. woman the.s 3s.agr-T(past) plan weave.intrans 'The woman planned to weave.' 240
(551) a. Ri-jerakrōk ro r-ar i-tok in iāekwōj i one.who-sail the.pl.h 3pl.agr-T(past) come-toward.speaker IN race in ar. lagoon 'The sailors came to race in the lagoon.' b. *Ri-jerakrōk ro r-ar i-tok iāekwōj i ar. one.who-sail the.pl.h 3pl.agr-T(past) come-toward.speaker race in lagoon 'The sailors came to race in the lagoon.' Turning to subject position, the subjects of biclausal infinitives may immediately follow the matrix verb: (552) E-ar lōmnak kōrā eo in āj. 3s.agr-T(past) plan woman the.s IN weave.intrans 'The woman planned to weave.' (553) R-ar i-tok ri-jerakrōk ro in iāekwōj i 3pl.agr-T(past) come-toward.speaker one.who-sail the.pl.h IN race in ar. lagoon 'The sailors came to race in the lagoon.' The subject of a biclausal infinitive may also appear sentence finally or immediately following the embedded verb, but the intonation of these sentences indicates that these sentences have right dislocated elements. (554) R-ar i-tok in iāekwōj, ri-jerakrōk ro, i 3pl.agr-T(past) come-toward.speaker IN race one.who-sail the.pl.h in ar. lagoon 'The sailors came to race in the lagoon.' (555) R-ar i-tok in iāekwōj i ar, ri-jerakrōk 3pl.agr-T(past) come-toward.speaker IN race in lagoon one.who-sail ro,. the.pl.h 'They came to race in the lagoon, the sailors.' 241
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angele
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
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3.3.2.4 Final subjects and right di
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .intrans intr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many peo
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Marshallese teachers in Majuro: Isa
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VITA October 29, 1974 Born, Mesa, A
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Subjec
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Chapter 1. Introduction Why study l
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Figure 1. Location of the Republic
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their late childhood years. All con
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fewer then 10,000 speakers. These l
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phonological and information status
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three secondary places of articulat
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Table 5. Marshallese diphthongs (ad
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showing the orthography used by the
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Demonstratives also have a human/no
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(11) E-ar den#ōt ladik ro. E-ar de
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languages, in which "a disjunctive
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(30) a. Mary e-kar lotak ilo Namori
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2.2.5 Adjectives 6 Marshallese has
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When ka- prefixes to an intransitiv
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In examples containing the causativ
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However, this verb is more complica
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When the verb contains a high vowel
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(64) Oror eo, piik eo e-ar kokkure.
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(70) ar 'toward the lagoon side' ā
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intransitive or transitive form (if
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Ungrammatical examples, in which th
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2.2.6.4.5 Underlyingly transitive -
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(94) intransitive transitive Englis
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(100) I-lukkuun kōnaan eon#ōd ek.
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(104) Noun Verb Source at 'hat' ata
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an 'won't', negative future. (109)
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There is also an adverb that relate
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. *Kw-ar le ke lok mōn#ā eo n#an
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morphemes are possible. Based on th
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(141) Laddik nana eo e-ar etal im k
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In addition to the standard relativ
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(153) Leddik eo e-ar koot-e būruo-
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Table 12. Possessive classifiers 13
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(165) Bōlen i-naaj wia a-n Mary ju
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2.3.3.1 Verbless sentences There is
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2.3.3.2 Sentences with overt verbs
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(188) Ritti bwebwenato eo mokta ipp
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(198) *Ke John e-j kōnono ippā-n
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(205) a. I-jaje e-j ke ka-ire kaula
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ta 'what' (210) a. Ta ko kidu ko re
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with a plural agreement clitic (220
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2.3.4.2.3.3 Class 3 There are also
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2.3.4.2.5 Resumptive elements With
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equired in an indirect wh- question
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. Mary e-ar ron# n#āāt eo Jikko e
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3. Basic W
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sentence final This term refers to
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have right dislocated subjects. I w
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But it is possible for the PP argum
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First, the subject may be sentence
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The generalization for those transi
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*V S CP b.*E-kōnaan pastō eo bwe
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V S CP b. E-ar jelā kōrā eo bwe
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S V (288) a. Irooj ro re-naaj ettō
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V PP S (293) Re-j kōnono ippā-n l
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This sentence includes a pause of a
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Sentences with internal subjects la
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Right dislocation refers to a proce
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(272) Rej bōkĜok bwiro ko [pause]
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Gundel (1974) and Chafe (1976, 1987
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3.3.2.2 Indefinites A second diagno
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If we first investigate whether the
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The second context in which these s
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information status of internal subj
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Mokilese also allows variable word
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(329) a. Mwet sac arulac puhlaik. p
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Chapter 4. The Structure of Marshal
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V S (289) b. E-ju ni eo. 3s.agr-be.
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(339) a. Bilal e-naaj ke etal n#an
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(347) a. Kidu eo e-kar kōpl-e. dog
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4.1.2 Adverbs and the negative Anot
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When combined with constituency evi
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such as wh- or focus movement. Sinc
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(364) AgrSP prom AgrS e 3s AgrS' T
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(367) a. R-ar bar unojidrikdrik kō
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correct, as illustrated by the fact
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Bajjek must precede the internal su
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vP coordination; and across the boa
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In order for this to be the correct
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(384) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' T 4.2.5
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features. Therefore, if the subject
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position higher in the structure th
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Given this ordering, if bar precede
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(398) a. Li individuano facilmente,
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(401) [R-ar tutu i ar] im [r-ar eon
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(409) R-ar tutu [i lik leddik ro] i
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However, there are two flaws with t
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phonological pattern seems to be on
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(415) AgrSPm tl AgrS r 3pl AgrS' Vj
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4.4 The structure of sentences with
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*V S O PP (423) [FocP [AgrSP [AccP
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Table 19. Subject position with CP
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specifier of the verb phrase. If th
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But there are no sentence modifying
Page 207 and 208: 5.1 Introduction Chapter 5. Passive
Page 209 and 210: words, how do we really know that M
Page 211 and 212: intransitive form of the verb. Alte
Page 213 and 214: (444) a. R-ar lemelm jaki ko ilo mw
Page 215 and 216: (452) Ilo manit in Majel, leddik re
Page 217 and 218: Agent phrases headed by these three
Page 219 and 220: (462) *Nuknuk eo a-ō e-būrōrō i
Page 221 and 222: (469) a. Mon wia eo e-ar etal. plac
Page 223 and 224: c. *Irooj ro r-ar bōnbōn in leroo
Page 225 and 226: the stative form. For example, jebj
Page 227 and 228: Stative sentences also allow postve
Page 229 and 230: . E-abwinmake likao eo jān jine-n.
Page 231 and 232: c. *Leddik eo e-kar den#den# in lad
Page 233 and 234: Instead, Collins proposes the struc
Page 235 and 236: (514) This structure also includes
Page 237 and 238: (515) DPj amimōno ko 'the handcraf
Page 239 and 240: 5.5.2 Sentences internal subjects a
Page 241 and 242: (518) In passives, the VP must move
Page 243 and 244: (519) AgrSP AgrS r 3pl In accordanc
Page 245 and 246: But in a sentence containing an ipp
Page 247 and 248: 5.7 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 249 and 250: verbs have two important properties
Page 251 and 252: The data presented in Table 21 show
Page 253 and 254: (532) c. *Kōrā ro r-ar lōmnak in
Page 255 and 256: Despite appearing to occupy the sam
Page 257: It is difficult to distinguish betw
Page 261 and 262: 6.5.2 Monoclausal infinitives - typ
Page 263 and 264: The subject may also be sentence fi
Page 265 and 266: (572) Kweilok eo e-ar ijjino in Wat
Page 267 and 268: (578) a. *E-ar kajjion# taktō eo i
Page 269 and 270: Wurmbrand shows that, in the case o
Page 271 and 272: difficulty articulating the differe
Page 273 and 274: However, dummy subject are not poss
Page 275 and 276: (601) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' TP T Th
Page 277 and 278: (604) DPj jaki ko 'the mats' AgrSP
Page 279 and 280: and incorporates with Voice. Thus a
Page 281 and 282: others. The behavior of the differe
Page 283 and 284: verbs that moved to X, we would exp
Page 285 and 286: internal, then the movement of the
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7. Conclusions and Discussi
Page 289 and 290: References Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Be
Page 291 and 292: Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist Inq
Page 293 and 294: Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The Antisym
Page 295 and 296: Rizzi, Luigi. 2001. On the position
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