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Following Pagotto, I assume that tok, wōj and lok are deictic directional suffixes when they appear on verbs that require them (see section 2.2.6.3 for a list of these verbs), but that tok, wōj and lok are adverbs in all other cases. In principal, one might ask how one can tell if tok, wōj or lok is a suffix or an adverb in a sentence like (133). (133) E-naaj i-tok. 3s.agr-T(fut) come-toward.speaker 'He is coming.' But remember that verbs like i- 'come' require the directional suffix. Therefore we can conclude that –tok is a suffix. A verb like jerak does not require a directional suffix. Therefore we can conclude that tok in (125a), repeated here, is an adverb. (125) a. Kajimenlōn# e-j jerak tok n#an Mile. Kajimenlōn# 3s.agr-T(pres) sail.intrans toward speaker to Mile 'Kajimenlōn# is sailing to Mile (where I am).' Another question one might pose is if optionality is a solid enough basis for concluding that directionals are adverbs rather than suffixes. After all, is it possible that these directionals could be optional suffixes rather than optional adverbs? In response to this question I would offer the fact that, in sentences with verbs that need not have a directional, other sentential elements, such as the question particle, may intervene between the verb and the directional, whereas when the directional is required, these sentential elements may not intervene between the verb and the directional. Therefore, there is a strong correlation between optionality and the ability of these morphemes to intervene between the verb and the directional. In other words, optionality = intervening 56
morphemes are possible. Based on these facts, w can conclude that there are no optional suffixes. Rather, when a directional is optional, it is an adverb. 2.3 Syntax I will begin this section with a discussion of determiner phrases and prepositional phrases. After discussing word order in these types of phrases, I then move on to discuss IP level and CP level syntax. 2.3.1 Determiner phrases Types of determiner phrases to be discussed in this section include those with nouns, adjectives, quantifiers and relative clauses. 2.3.1.1 Determiners and quantifiers The placement of a definite determiner/demonstrative with respect to the noun is unexpected, given that most other Marshallese phrases are head initial. While we might expect the determiner to precede the noun, this is not the case. Instead, Marshallese definite determiners and demonstratives follow the noun. (134) …kora rane belle-n lomarene re-j aikuj kar drelon …kōrā rane pālee-n lōmarane re-j aikuj kar delon# …woman those.h spouse-3s.gen those.men 3pl.agr-T(pres) need T(past) join iee… ie… there '…those men's wives need to have joined it…' (Lakibwe 2004) 57
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angele
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
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3.3.2.4 Final subjects and right di
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .intrans intr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many peo
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Marshallese teachers in Majuro: Isa
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VITA October 29, 1974 Born, Mesa, A
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Subjec
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Chapter 1. Introduction Why study l
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Figure 1. Location of the Republic
Page 23 and 24: their late childhood years. All con
Page 25 and 26: fewer then 10,000 speakers. These l
Page 27 and 28: phonological and information status
Page 29 and 30: three secondary places of articulat
Page 31 and 32: Table 5. Marshallese diphthongs (ad
Page 33 and 34: showing the orthography used by the
Page 35 and 36: Demonstratives also have a human/no
Page 37 and 38: (11) E-ar den#ōt ladik ro. E-ar de
Page 39 and 40: languages, in which "a disjunctive
Page 41 and 42: (30) a. Mary e-kar lotak ilo Namori
Page 43 and 44: 2.2.5 Adjectives 6 Marshallese has
Page 45 and 46: When ka- prefixes to an intransitiv
Page 47 and 48: In examples containing the causativ
Page 49 and 50: However, this verb is more complica
Page 51 and 52: When the verb contains a high vowel
Page 53 and 54: (64) Oror eo, piik eo e-ar kokkure.
Page 55 and 56: (70) ar 'toward the lagoon side' ā
Page 57 and 58: intransitive or transitive form (if
Page 59 and 60: Ungrammatical examples, in which th
Page 61 and 62: 2.2.6.4.5 Underlyingly transitive -
Page 63 and 64: (94) intransitive transitive Englis
Page 65 and 66: (100) I-lukkuun kōnaan eon#ōd ek.
Page 67 and 68: (104) Noun Verb Source at 'hat' ata
Page 69 and 70: an 'won't', negative future. (109)
Page 71 and 72: There is also an adverb that relate
Page 73: . *Kw-ar le ke lok mōn#ā eo n#an
Page 77 and 78: (141) Laddik nana eo e-ar etal im k
Page 79 and 80: In addition to the standard relativ
Page 81 and 82: (153) Leddik eo e-ar koot-e būruo-
Page 83 and 84: Table 12. Possessive classifiers 13
Page 85 and 86: (165) Bōlen i-naaj wia a-n Mary ju
Page 87 and 88: 2.3.3.1 Verbless sentences There is
Page 89 and 90: 2.3.3.2 Sentences with overt verbs
Page 91 and 92: (188) Ritti bwebwenato eo mokta ipp
Page 93 and 94: (198) *Ke John e-j kōnono ippā-n
Page 95 and 96: (205) a. I-jaje e-j ke ka-ire kaula
Page 97 and 98: ta 'what' (210) a. Ta ko kidu ko re
Page 99 and 100: with a plural agreement clitic (220
Page 101 and 102: 2.3.4.2.3.3 Class 3 There are also
Page 103 and 104: 2.3.4.2.5 Resumptive elements With
Page 105 and 106: equired in an indirect wh- question
Page 107 and 108: . Mary e-ar ron# n#āāt eo Jikko e
Page 109 and 110: 3.1 Introduction Chapter 3. Basic W
Page 111 and 112: sentence final This term refers to
Page 113 and 114: have right dislocated subjects. I w
Page 115 and 116: But it is possible for the PP argum
Page 117 and 118: First, the subject may be sentence
Page 119 and 120: The generalization for those transi
Page 121 and 122: *V S CP b.*E-kōnaan pastō eo bwe
Page 123 and 124: V S CP b. E-ar jelā kōrā eo bwe
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S V (288) a. Irooj ro re-naaj ettō
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V PP S (293) Re-j kōnono ippā-n l
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This sentence includes a pause of a
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Sentences with internal subjects la
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Right dislocation refers to a proce
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(272) Rej bōkĜok bwiro ko [pause]
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Gundel (1974) and Chafe (1976, 1987
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3.3.2.2 Indefinites A second diagno
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If we first investigate whether the
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The second context in which these s
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information status of internal subj
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Mokilese also allows variable word
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(329) a. Mwet sac arulac puhlaik. p
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Chapter 4. The Structure of Marshal
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V S (289) b. E-ju ni eo. 3s.agr-be.
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(339) a. Bilal e-naaj ke etal n#an
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(347) a. Kidu eo e-kar kōpl-e. dog
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4.1.2 Adverbs and the negative Anot
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When combined with constituency evi
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such as wh- or focus movement. Sinc
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(364) AgrSP prom AgrS e 3s AgrS' T
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(367) a. R-ar bar unojidrikdrik kō
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correct, as illustrated by the fact
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Bajjek must precede the internal su
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vP coordination; and across the boa
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In order for this to be the correct
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(384) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' T 4.2.5
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features. Therefore, if the subject
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position higher in the structure th
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Given this ordering, if bar precede
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(398) a. Li individuano facilmente,
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(401) [R-ar tutu i ar] im [r-ar eon
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(409) R-ar tutu [i lik leddik ro] i
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However, there are two flaws with t
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phonological pattern seems to be on
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(415) AgrSPm tl AgrS r 3pl AgrS' Vj
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4.4 The structure of sentences with
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*V S O PP (423) [FocP [AgrSP [AccP
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Table 19. Subject position with CP
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specifier of the verb phrase. If th
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But there are no sentence modifying
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5.1 Introduction Chapter 5. Passive
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words, how do we really know that M
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intransitive form of the verb. Alte
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(444) a. R-ar lemelm jaki ko ilo mw
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(452) Ilo manit in Majel, leddik re
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Agent phrases headed by these three
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(462) *Nuknuk eo a-ō e-būrōrō i
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(469) a. Mon wia eo e-ar etal. plac
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c. *Irooj ro r-ar bōnbōn in leroo
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the stative form. For example, jebj
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Stative sentences also allow postve
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. E-abwinmake likao eo jān jine-n.
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c. *Leddik eo e-kar den#den# in lad
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Instead, Collins proposes the struc
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(514) This structure also includes
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(515) DPj amimōno ko 'the handcraf
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5.5.2 Sentences internal subjects a
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(518) In passives, the VP must move
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(519) AgrSP AgrS r 3pl In accordanc
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But in a sentence containing an ipp
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5.7 Summary In this chapter, I have
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verbs have two important properties
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The data presented in Table 21 show
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(532) c. *Kōrā ro r-ar lōmnak in
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Despite appearing to occupy the sam
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It is difficult to distinguish betw
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(551) a. Ri-jerakrōk ro r-ar i-tok
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6.5.2 Monoclausal infinitives - typ
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The subject may also be sentence fi
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(572) Kweilok eo e-ar ijjino in Wat
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(578) a. *E-ar kajjion# taktō eo i
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Wurmbrand shows that, in the case o
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difficulty articulating the differe
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However, dummy subject are not poss
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(601) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' TP T Th
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(604) DPj jaki ko 'the mats' AgrSP
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and incorporates with Voice. Thus a
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others. The behavior of the differe
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verbs that moved to X, we would exp
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internal, then the movement of the
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Chapter 7. Conclusions and Discussi
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References Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Be
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Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist Inq
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Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The Antisym
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Rizzi, Luigi. 2001. On the position
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