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structure. One possible such structure is shown in (602). (602a) depicts the corresponding active sentence from which the passive one (602b) is derived. (602) a. [AgrSP subjectmatrix Vmatrix [CP [AgrSP pro Vembedded object]]] b. [AgrSP [objectembedded]i [Voice [VP Vmatrix [CP [AgrSP [Voice [VP Vembedded ti]k Ø tk]]]]j Ø tj]] In the active sentence, both the matrix and embedded verbs are the heads of verb phrases and select the subject DP or pro respectively. As verbs, they both move to spec VoiceP as part of the VP in the passive sentence, followed by movement of the embedded object to become the matrix subject. But since sentences with long passives are not biclausal, this cannot be the correct structure. Instead, I argue that the structure of a long passive sentence is like that of (603b), with (603a) depicting the corresponding active sentence from which the passive is derived. (603) a. [AgrSP [subject]i Vmatrix [vP ti Vembedded object]] b. [AgrSP [object]j Vmatrix [Voice [Vembedded tj]i Ø ti]] In a long passive sentence, the subject is merged in the canonical object position and is the complement of the embedded verb. As in passives of the type discussed in chapter 5, this phrase raises to spec AgrSP in long passives. So a sentence like (566b) has the structure shown in (604). (566) b. Jaki ko r-aikuj lemlem. mat the.pl.nh 3pl.agr-need fold.intrans 'The mats need to be folded.' 258
(604) DPj jaki ko 'the mats' AgrSP AgrS r 3pl AgrS' TP It must be the case that both VoiceP and XP are located below FP in order to derive the correct word order. This is in accordance with Cinque (2006), who argues that VoiceP is relatively low in the ordering of functional heads. T This structure follows the analysis for short passives presented in section 5.5 of chapter 5. In this analysis, VP moves to spec VoiceP via spec XP and, as this structure includes a null Voice head, there is no AccP projection. T' F aikuj 'need' FP F' VPi lemlem tj 'fold' VoiceP It is also possible for Marshallese long passives to include agent phrases. Long passives with agent phrases have structures similar to that of (604), with the necessary modifications for agent phrases as proposed in chapter 5. When a long passive includes an ippān phrase, the structure includes a PP merged as the specifier of vP (see section 259 Voice Ø Voice' ti XP X X' vP v ti
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angele
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TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .
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3.3.2.4 Final subjects and right di
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .intrans intr
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many peo
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Marshallese teachers in Majuro: Isa
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VITA October 29, 1974 Born, Mesa, A
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ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Subjec
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Chapter 1. Introduction Why study l
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Figure 1. Location of the Republic
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their late childhood years. All con
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fewer then 10,000 speakers. These l
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phonological and information status
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three secondary places of articulat
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Table 5. Marshallese diphthongs (ad
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showing the orthography used by the
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Demonstratives also have a human/no
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(11) E-ar den#ōt ladik ro. E-ar de
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languages, in which "a disjunctive
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(30) a. Mary e-kar lotak ilo Namori
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2.2.5 Adjectives 6 Marshallese has
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When ka- prefixes to an intransitiv
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In examples containing the causativ
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However, this verb is more complica
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When the verb contains a high vowel
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(64) Oror eo, piik eo e-ar kokkure.
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(70) ar 'toward the lagoon side' ā
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intransitive or transitive form (if
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Ungrammatical examples, in which th
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2.2.6.4.5 Underlyingly transitive -
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(94) intransitive transitive Englis
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(100) I-lukkuun kōnaan eon#ōd ek.
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(104) Noun Verb Source at 'hat' ata
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an 'won't', negative future. (109)
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There is also an adverb that relate
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. *Kw-ar le ke lok mōn#ā eo n#an
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morphemes are possible. Based on th
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(141) Laddik nana eo e-ar etal im k
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In addition to the standard relativ
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(153) Leddik eo e-ar koot-e būruo-
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Table 12. Possessive classifiers 13
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(165) Bōlen i-naaj wia a-n Mary ju
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2.3.3.1 Verbless sentences There is
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2.3.3.2 Sentences with overt verbs
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(188) Ritti bwebwenato eo mokta ipp
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(198) *Ke John e-j kōnono ippā-n
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(205) a. I-jaje e-j ke ka-ire kaula
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ta 'what' (210) a. Ta ko kidu ko re
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with a plural agreement clitic (220
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2.3.4.2.3.3 Class 3 There are also
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2.3.4.2.5 Resumptive elements With
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equired in an indirect wh- question
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. Mary e-ar ron# n#āāt eo Jikko e
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3.1 Introduction Chapter 3. Basic W
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sentence final This term refers to
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have right dislocated subjects. I w
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But it is possible for the PP argum
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First, the subject may be sentence
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The generalization for those transi
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*V S CP b.*E-kōnaan pastō eo bwe
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V S CP b. E-ar jelā kōrā eo bwe
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S V (288) a. Irooj ro re-naaj ettō
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V PP S (293) Re-j kōnono ippā-n l
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This sentence includes a pause of a
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Sentences with internal subjects la
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Right dislocation refers to a proce
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(272) Rej bōkĜok bwiro ko [pause]
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Gundel (1974) and Chafe (1976, 1987
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3.3.2.2 Indefinites A second diagno
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If we first investigate whether the
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The second context in which these s
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information status of internal subj
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Mokilese also allows variable word
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(329) a. Mwet sac arulac puhlaik. p
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Chapter 4. The Structure of Marshal
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V S (289) b. E-ju ni eo. 3s.agr-be.
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(339) a. Bilal e-naaj ke etal n#an
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(347) a. Kidu eo e-kar kōpl-e. dog
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4.1.2 Adverbs and the negative Anot
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When combined with constituency evi
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such as wh- or focus movement. Sinc
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(364) AgrSP prom AgrS e 3s AgrS' T
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(367) a. R-ar bar unojidrikdrik kō
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correct, as illustrated by the fact
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Bajjek must precede the internal su
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vP coordination; and across the boa
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In order for this to be the correct
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(384) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' T 4.2.5
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features. Therefore, if the subject
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position higher in the structure th
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Given this ordering, if bar precede
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(398) a. Li individuano facilmente,
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(401) [R-ar tutu i ar] im [r-ar eon
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(409) R-ar tutu [i lik leddik ro] i
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However, there are two flaws with t
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phonological pattern seems to be on
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(415) AgrSPm tl AgrS r 3pl AgrS' Vj
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4.4 The structure of sentences with
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*V S O PP (423) [FocP [AgrSP [AccP
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Table 19. Subject position with CP
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specifier of the verb phrase. If th
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But there are no sentence modifying
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5.1 Introduction Chapter 5. Passive
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words, how do we really know that M
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intransitive form of the verb. Alte
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(444) a. R-ar lemelm jaki ko ilo mw
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(452) Ilo manit in Majel, leddik re
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Agent phrases headed by these three
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(462) *Nuknuk eo a-ō e-būrōrō i
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(469) a. Mon wia eo e-ar etal. plac
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c. *Irooj ro r-ar bōnbōn in leroo
Page 225 and 226: the stative form. For example, jebj
Page 227 and 228: Stative sentences also allow postve
Page 229 and 230: . E-abwinmake likao eo jān jine-n.
Page 231 and 232: c. *Leddik eo e-kar den#den# in lad
Page 233 and 234: Instead, Collins proposes the struc
Page 235 and 236: (514) This structure also includes
Page 237 and 238: (515) DPj amimōno ko 'the handcraf
Page 239 and 240: 5.5.2 Sentences internal subjects a
Page 241 and 242: (518) In passives, the VP must move
Page 243 and 244: (519) AgrSP AgrS r 3pl In accordanc
Page 245 and 246: But in a sentence containing an ipp
Page 247 and 248: 5.7 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 249 and 250: verbs have two important properties
Page 251 and 252: The data presented in Table 21 show
Page 253 and 254: (532) c. *Kōrā ro r-ar lōmnak in
Page 255 and 256: Despite appearing to occupy the sam
Page 257 and 258: It is difficult to distinguish betw
Page 259 and 260: (551) a. Ri-jerakrōk ro r-ar i-tok
Page 261 and 262: 6.5.2 Monoclausal infinitives - typ
Page 263 and 264: The subject may also be sentence fi
Page 265 and 266: (572) Kweilok eo e-ar ijjino in Wat
Page 267 and 268: (578) a. *E-ar kajjion# taktō eo i
Page 269 and 270: Wurmbrand shows that, in the case o
Page 271 and 272: difficulty articulating the differe
Page 273 and 274: However, dummy subject are not poss
Page 275: (601) AgrSP AgrS e 3s AgrS' TP T Th
Page 279 and 280: and incorporates with Voice. Thus a
Page 281 and 282: others. The behavior of the differe
Page 283 and 284: verbs that moved to X, we would exp
Page 285 and 286: internal, then the movement of the
Page 287 and 288: Chapter 7. Conclusions and Discussi
Page 289 and 290: References Abo, Takaji, Byron W. Be
Page 291 and 292: Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist Inq
Page 293 and 294: Kayne, Richard S. 1994. The Antisym
Page 295 and 296: Rizzi, Luigi. 2001. On the position
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