Conceived in Liberty Volume 2 - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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principal goal of the paper was "opposing oppression, and vindicating the liberty of man." Livingston stoutly affirmed that in the "cause of the truth and liberty" he would defy "all tyrants civil or ecclesiastic," and specifically any Anglican domination over New York. Moreover, Livingston's libertarianism was by no means confined to defense against the Anglicans; he also boldly defended the Moravian church against the attacks of his own Presbyterians. The lively, trenchant Independent Reflector quickly won fame not only in New York but throughout the Northern colonies, and was ardently discussed in pulpits, coffeehouses, and taverns. The Independent Reflector, drawing blood, stimulated an intense Anglican counterattack. But much of the Anglican rebuttal only furnished more material to alarm its critics. Thus, William Smith, inspired by the Anglican leader the Reverend Samuel Johnson, blatantly declared: National Establishment can . . . diffuse through a country, the full social advantages arising from religion. ... If, according to the Reflector's scheme, all religions were equally favored by the civil power, none established, and every man left at liberty to preach and practice what he thought proper, what a scene of confusion would thence arise . . . from such unbridled liberty of conscience.... As to the political uses of national Establishments ... the statesman has always found it necessary for the purposes of government, to raise some one denomination of religion above the rest. . . . This favored denomination, by these means, becomes as it were the creature of the government, which is thus enabled to.. . . keep all in subjection. . . . But let a government once give away the power of bestowing its own favors, and let all sects and persuasions be equally favored, equally independent . . . how shall they be influenced or how ruled? Smith concluded by accusing the Reflector of being un-British: this "leveling notion" of perfect religious equality before the law was derived not from British liberty but from the Frenchman Voltaire. In contrast, William Livingston declared that "matters of religion . . . have nothing to do with the interest of state . . . the civil power hath no jurisdiction over the sentiments or opinions of the subject. . . ." Anglican pressure, however, soon made a mockery of any freedom of the press in the colony. Livingston's printer, threatened with deprivation of the vital public printing contracts, succumbed to pressure and refused to continue printing the Independent Reflector. Printers in Boston and Philadelphia also refused to print the controversial paper and it was forced to close in early 1754. But while the Anglican government managed to kill the Reflector, the paper refused to die. Its name persisted, and bound copies and later reprints were eagerly sought. Furthermore, the public protest induced another New York paper that had closed its doors to antiestablishment 184
opinion to open them again; and William Livingston continued, with learning and wit, to belabor his opposition in a "Watch-Tower" column. The religious controversy also served to polarize New York politics, with the DeLancey faction becoming a pro-Anglican party and the Livingston faction reflecting its Presbyterian leadership. 185
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II "SAL
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By Liberty, I understand the power
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22. Slavery in South Carolina 97 23
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fruits of liberty and production. P
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Introduction The Colonies in the Ei
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PART I Developments in the Separate
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General Court, representing the vie
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chusetts Bay. Mather, Willard, and
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Half-Way Covenant, eliminating the
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widened his focus to society and go
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Libertarianism in Rhode Island Thou
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Land Tenure and Land Allocation in
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ing a separate absentee oligarchy,
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New Hampshire Breaks Free Conflicts
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The Narragansett Planters Another i
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7 New York Land Monopoly As early a
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manor (the "highland patent") began
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ecame mainly squabbles of family an
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Crown and for Robert Livingston to
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8 Slavery in New York Of all the No
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Roman Catholic priest found in the
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arms, and threatened Coxe with assa
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twenty of the rioters for high trea
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Hunter Morris sailed to London to p
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The first great wave of Ulster Scot
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idled, and therefore few Ulstermen
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While the great bulk of Pennsylvani
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scouts and Indian fighters. And by
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(Nova Scotia). The Assembly, urged
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13 The Emergence of Benjamin Frankl
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and influential men. Hardly had Fra
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getting ready to strike a mortal bl
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uncollectible quitrents. The upshot
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farmers, in contrast, retired from
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pains, jeered and cursed at every s
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15 The Virginia Land System The Sou
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first imported Germans were Swiss,
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16 The Virginia Political Structure
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ludicrous. If each voter gave his v
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British merchant-creditors, that is
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18 Slavery in Virginia As tobacco p
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the free Negroes [that the Assembly
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defeated the Tuscaroras, captured o
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collection of the rents. All in all
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21 Royal Government in North Caroli
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and taxes ceased to be paid through
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whites, whereas Negro slaves outnum
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esult could only be a rout. Fifty o
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colony and thrust into Florida by 1
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24 The Land Question in South Carol
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wicke, Izard, and Middleton. (Gover
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upon the Westo Indians in 1680, the
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colony in Gualé (to be called "Geo
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his chief ally, Viscount Percival,
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Since the funds all came philanthro
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the Assembly who did not have at le
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the Jews from the colony. Particula
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would shut off an expected flow of
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Courtesy of The New-York Historical
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New York Public Library Robert Walp
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Page 125 and 126:
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26 Inflation and the Creation of Pa
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paper made a compulsory medium for
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As befitted their undeveloped econo
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violation of the law, the Assemblie
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pounds; for then no one would have
Page 139 and 140: price of silver in New England shil
Page 141 and 142: followed each new emission of paper
Page 143 and 144: in Massachusetts. In 1744, the tota
Page 145 and 146: If merchants were the leaders in ag
Page 147 and 148: 27 The Communication of Ideas: Post
Page 149 and 150: None of these actions and restricti
Page 151 and 152: censorship through licensing of the
Page 153 and 154: sick wife; the lower house finally
Page 155 and 156: indeed for a despotically inclined
Page 157 and 158: egard to the laws." And the laws, l
Page 159 and 160: indefinitely and to ignore any writ
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Page 163 and 164: By the first decades of the eightee
Page 165 and 166: 29 The Great Awakening Into this re
Page 167 and 168: University, which stressed evangeli
Page 169 and 170: In New Jersey the battle between th
Page 171 and 172: individualist, rationalist, and Arm
Page 173 and 174: isters were to be fined or expelled
Page 175 and 176: petition, but wiser heads prevailed
Page 177 and 178: Briant's essay led to a wave of Arm
Page 179 and 180: inant. Like their counterparts in A
Page 181 and 182: Meanwhile, similar protests were gr
Page 183 and 184: The great impact of John Woolman is
Page 185 and 186: tation, but all the time that they
Page 187 and 188: 32 The Beginning of the Struggle ov
Page 189: grand design for an American establ
Page 193 and 194: oretical articulation and groundwor
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Page 199 and 200: authority; that is, they are void;
Page 201 and 202: great for the sake of the public, a
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Page 205 and 206: PART III Relations with Britain
Page 207 and 208: decisions of governor and Council t
Page 209 and 210: of the Assemblies, which won for th
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Page 213 and 214: American woolens, the industry was
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Page 217 and 218: place, a virtual monopoly of the na
Page 219 and 220: The Walpoles were willing to appeas
Page 221 and 222: England had attacked France in two
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Page 227 and 228: still held several British officers
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Page 231 and 232: 37 Early Phases of the French and I
Page 233 and 234: ginia, in particular, began to pres
Page 235 and 236: All in all, nearly one million, fiv
Page 237 and 238: iver." Only North Carolina voted su
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cajoling the Virginia Assembly into
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38 The Persecution of the Acadians
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four prisoners had been "guilty of
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tion of the New Brunswick area. Nai
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quered Quebec later in the war, man
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Indian tribes to join the French si
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against Fort Duquesne with a force
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40 The American Colonies and the Wa
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was the English army, and that if t
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England had long been the major opp
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41 Concluding Peace Although the co
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ing the French fort at Louisbourg.
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manuscript of Henry McCulloh, a Bri
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In the meanwhile, Pitt's acceptance
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William Burke's Examination of the
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The immigrants arrived in midsummer
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liament. Enjoying the blessings of
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known to historians. The definitive
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Land-grabbing and Indian conflicts
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considerable historical controversy
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The best '::story of eighteenth-cen
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Index Abercromby, James, 247 abolit
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Burling, William, 175 Burr, Aaron,
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Duane, James, 41 Duane manor, 39 Du
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Hawley, Thomas, 36 Hayward, John, 1
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Maine, 55, 211; settlement of, 140
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pamphlets, 64, 66, 131, 132, 146, 1
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St. John, James, 104-105 salutary n
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Virginia, 54, 118, 154, 235, 243, 2
show all

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