Conceived in Liberty Volume 2 - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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enemy vessels, under a specious, newly coined "rule" outlawing neutral shipping that the enemy had permitted in its ports in time of peace. Chief theoretician of this British reversion to official piracy was the Tory Jacobite Charles Jenkinson. Britain's arrogant attacks on neutral shipping and violations of international law during the Seven Years' War alienated all the neutral countries of Europe, who soon raised a cry to return to "freedom of the seas." Particularly harassed was the highly efficient Dutch shipping, and fellow sufferers from British policy were Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Russia, Naples, Tuscany, Genoa, and Sardinia. 255
41 Concluding Peace Although the conflict in America was ended by 1760, the war between Britain and France continued to rage elsewhere: India; the West Indies, where England captured Guadeloupe; and Europe. Through it all, England was driven by the mania of William Pitt for the total crushing of the French enemy. By the end of 1759, Guadeloupe had been conquered and New France all but vanquished. Coupled with England's commanding position, however, was the burden of high taxes and of a mounting national debt. Increasingly appalled at the long and terribly costly war, Newcastle and the Whigs concluded that it was high time to make peace. Newcastle's cry was typical: "I wish to God I could see my way through this mountain of expense!" A pamphlet war now began to rage in Great Britain, sponsored by and reflecting the positions of the contending parties. The imperialist war crowd, led by Pitt, his brother-in-law George Grenville, the Duke of Bedford, and the young Prince of Wales and his high Tory adviser the Earl of Bute, panicked at any hint of peace and demanded the retention of every British conquest, especially of Canada. Some imperialist pamphlets went so far as to urge the conquest of French Louisiana. In the last analysis, however, the imperialists were willing to concede Guadeloupe in order to keep Canada. Even Pitt's instincts for keeping any and all conquests were tempered by the fact that his main political and financial supporter was Alderman William Beckford. Beckford, leader of the London merchants and financiers, was one of the richest men in the British Empire. An absentee sugar planter of the West Indies, he opposed incorporating the fertile and efficient French sugar plantations into the empire and thus into its extensive markets. Fur- 256
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II "SAL
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By Liberty, I understand the power
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22. Slavery in South Carolina 97 23
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fruits of liberty and production. P
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Introduction The Colonies in the Ei
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PART I Developments in the Separate
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General Court, representing the vie
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chusetts Bay. Mather, Willard, and
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Half-Way Covenant, eliminating the
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widened his focus to society and go
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Libertarianism in Rhode Island Thou
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Land Tenure and Land Allocation in
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ing a separate absentee oligarchy,
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New Hampshire Breaks Free Conflicts
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The Narragansett Planters Another i
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7 New York Land Monopoly As early a
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manor (the "highland patent") began
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ecame mainly squabbles of family an
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Crown and for Robert Livingston to
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8 Slavery in New York Of all the No
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Roman Catholic priest found in the
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arms, and threatened Coxe with assa
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twenty of the rioters for high trea
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Hunter Morris sailed to London to p
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The first great wave of Ulster Scot
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idled, and therefore few Ulstermen
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While the great bulk of Pennsylvani
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scouts and Indian fighters. And by
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(Nova Scotia). The Assembly, urged
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13 The Emergence of Benjamin Frankl
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and influential men. Hardly had Fra
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getting ready to strike a mortal bl
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uncollectible quitrents. The upshot
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farmers, in contrast, retired from
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pains, jeered and cursed at every s
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15 The Virginia Land System The Sou
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first imported Germans were Swiss,
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16 The Virginia Political Structure
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ludicrous. If each voter gave his v
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British merchant-creditors, that is
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18 Slavery in Virginia As tobacco p
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the free Negroes [that the Assembly
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defeated the Tuscaroras, captured o
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collection of the rents. All in all
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21 Royal Government in North Caroli
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and taxes ceased to be paid through
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whites, whereas Negro slaves outnum
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esult could only be a rout. Fifty o
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colony and thrust into Florida by 1
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24 The Land Question in South Carol
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wicke, Izard, and Middleton. (Gover
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upon the Westo Indians in 1680, the
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colony in Gualé (to be called "Geo
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his chief ally, Viscount Percival,
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Since the funds all came philanthro
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the Assembly who did not have at le
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the Jews from the colony. Particula
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would shut off an expected flow of
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Courtesy of The New-York Historical
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New York Public Library Robert Walp
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26 Inflation and the Creation of Pa
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paper made a compulsory medium for
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As befitted their undeveloped econo
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violation of the law, the Assemblie
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pounds; for then no one would have
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price of silver in New England shil
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followed each new emission of paper
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in Massachusetts. In 1744, the tota
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If merchants were the leaders in ag
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27 The Communication of Ideas: Post
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None of these actions and restricti
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censorship through licensing of the
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sick wife; the lower house finally
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indeed for a despotically inclined
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egard to the laws." And the laws, l
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indefinitely and to ignore any writ
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his guilt was sentenced to the pill
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By the first decades of the eightee
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29 The Great Awakening Into this re
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University, which stressed evangeli
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In New Jersey the battle between th
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individualist, rationalist, and Arm
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isters were to be fined or expelled
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petition, but wiser heads prevailed
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Briant's essay led to a wave of Arm
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inant. Like their counterparts in A
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Meanwhile, similar protests were gr
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The great impact of John Woolman is
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tation, but all the time that they
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32 The Beginning of the Struggle ov
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grand design for an American establ
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opinion to open them again; and Wil
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oretical articulation and groundwor
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ights to popular government. There
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keep this property, exchange it for
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authority; that is, they are void;
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great for the sake of the public, a
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work of his hands are properly his
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PART III Relations with Britain
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decisions of governor and Council t
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Page 217 and 218: place, a virtual monopoly of the na
Page 219 and 220: The Walpoles were willing to appeas
Page 221 and 222: England had attacked France in two
Page 223 and 224: Spain in October 1739. A new wave o
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Page 227 and 228: still held several British officers
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Page 231 and 232: 37 Early Phases of the French and I
Page 233 and 234: ginia, in particular, began to pres
Page 235 and 236: All in all, nearly one million, fiv
Page 237 and 238: iver." Only North Carolina voted su
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Page 241 and 242: cajoling the Virginia Assembly into
Page 243 and 244: 38 The Persecution of the Acadians
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Page 247 and 248: tion of the New Brunswick area. Nai
Page 249 and 250: quered Quebec later in the war, man
Page 251 and 252: Indian tribes to join the French si
Page 253 and 254: against Fort Duquesne with a force
Page 255 and 256: 40 The American Colonies and the Wa
Page 257 and 258: was the English army, and that if t
Page 259: England had long been the major opp
Page 263 and 264: ing the French fort at Louisbourg.
Page 265 and 266: manuscript of Henry McCulloh, a Bri
Page 267 and 268: In the meanwhile, Pitt's acceptance
Page 269 and 270: William Burke's Examination of the
Page 271 and 272: The immigrants arrived in midsummer
Page 273 and 274: liament. Enjoying the blessings of
Page 275 and 276: known to historians. The definitive
Page 277 and 278: Land-grabbing and Indian conflicts
Page 279 and 280: considerable historical controversy
Page 281 and 282: The best '::story of eighteenth-cen
Page 283 and 284: Index Abercromby, James, 247 abolit
Page 285 and 286: Burling, William, 175 Burr, Aaron,
Page 287 and 288: Duane, James, 41 Duane manor, 39 Du
Page 289 and 290: Hawley, Thomas, 36 Hayward, John, 1
Page 291 and 292: Maine, 55, 211; settlement of, 140
Page 293 and 294: pamphlets, 64, 66, 131, 132, 146, 1
Page 295 and 296: St. John, James, 104-105 salutary n
Page 297 and 298: Virginia, 54, 118, 154, 235, 243, 2
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