Conceived in Liberty Volume 2 - Ludwig von Mises Institute

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Bibliographical Essay The indispensable, and still unchallenged, overall study for this period is the monumental four-volume work by Herbert L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Eighteenth Century (1924-25). Also useful are the latter volumes of Charles M. Andrews' four-volume The Colonial Period of American History (1934-38). A particularly useful text on colonial America is David Hawke's The Colonial Experience (1966). Older but still valuable is Oliver P. Chitwood, A History of Colonial America (lsted., 1931; 3rded., 1961). The most notable advance in many years in the historiography of the first half of eighteenth-century America, is the discovery of the great extent and depth of the growth and spread of libertarian thought, influenced particularly by radical libertarian English writers during this period. The discovery was made by Professor Bernard Bailyn, particularly in his The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (1967) and his The Origins of American Politics (1968). The Ideological Origins is an expansion of Bailyn's first work on the subject, his "General Introduction" to Bernard Bailyn, ed., The Pamphlets of the American Revolution, vol. 1 (1965). An excellent selection from the most influential of the English libertarian writings, co-authored by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, may be found in David L. Jacobson, ed., The English Libertarian Heritage (1965). The Jacobson volume contains selections from Gordon and Trenchard's Cato's Letters, their most influential essays; and from their essays in The Independent Whig, in behalf of religious liberty. Both series were published in the early 1720s. Jacobson's "Introduction" is a useful survey of the life and work of Trenchard and Gordon. Bailyn's findings were based on the pioneering and monumental work of Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth Century Commonwealthman (1959), which "discovered" not only Trenchard and Gordon, but also the line of descent from Algernon Sidney and Locke down to the radical libertarians of the eighteenth century. The libertarian influence of John Locke on American thought has long been 269
known to historians. The definitive edition of Locke's "Second Essay on Civil Government" is to be found in John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (I960). Locke's devotion to private-property rights and the free market is demonstrated in C. B. Macpherson, The Theory of Possessive Individualism (1962). The influence of the theory of natural law in America is discussed in Benjamin F. Wright, American Interpretations of Natural Law (1931). For a rather more cautious view than Bailyn's, see Lawrence Leder, Liberty and Authority: Early American Political Ideology, 1689-1163 (1968). The only work on deism in America in this period is Herbert M. Morais, Deism in Eighteenth Century America (1934). A detailed work on the Enlightenment background in Europe is Peter Gay, The Enlightenment: An Interpretation (2 vols., 1966, 1969). The influence of French ideas in America is traced in Howard Mumford Jones, America and French Culture, 1150-1848 (1927). William W. Sweet's Religion in Colonial America (1942) is a good overall survey of the topic. The classic study of the Quakers in this period is Rufus M. Jones, The Quakers in the American Colonies (1911); Sydney V. James, A People Among Peoples (1963), is a good modern supplement. The saga of Quaker abolition of slavery is set forth in Thomas E. Drake's Quakers and Slavery in America (1950). Also see Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (1967). The famous Journal of the famed John Woolman, the leader of Quaker abolitionism, is available in paperback: The Journal of John Woolman (1961). The renowned liberal Congregational cleric Jonathan Mayhew has at last found his biographer: Charles W. Akers, Called unto Liberty: A Life of Jonathan Mayhew, 1120-1166 (1964). Mayhew is also discussed in Max Savelle's Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (1948). The rise of liberal Arminianism and Unitarianism in New England is treated in Conrad Wright, The Beginnings of Unitarianism in America (1955). There is still no overall history of the Great Awakening. Best is C. C. Goen, Revivalism and Separatism in New England, 1140-1800 (1962 ); also important is Edwin Scott Gaustad, The Great Awakening in New England (1957). Alan Heimert's Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (1966) is a pro-Puritan overview; documents of the Great Awakening may be found in A. Heimert and P. Miller, eds., The Great Awakening: Documents (1967). Jonathan Edwards, the fanatical theoretician of the Great Awakening, has several biographers; a sympathetic emphasis on his ideas is Perry Miller, Jonathan Edwards (1949). There are two indispensable books on the struggle of Americans against the threat of an Anglican bishop in the colonies: the classic by Arthur Lyon Cross, The Anglican Episcopate and the American Colonies (1902); and the newer Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689-111`S (1962). The classic work on freedom of the press in colonial Massachusetts is Clyde A. Duniway, Development of Freedom of the Press in Massachusetts (1906). On the Zenger case, see the study by Vincent Buranelli, The Trial of Peter Zenger (1957), and the documentary source by Zenger's lawyer, James Alexander, A Brief Narrative of the Case and Trial of John Peter Zenger, ed. S. Katz (2d ed., 1972). 270
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II
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CONCEIVED IN LIBERTY VOLUME II "SAL
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By Liberty, I understand the power
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22. Slavery in South Carolina 97 23
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fruits of liberty and production. P
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Introduction The Colonies in the Ei
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PART I Developments in the Separate
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General Court, representing the vie
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chusetts Bay. Mather, Willard, and
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Half-Way Covenant, eliminating the
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widened his focus to society and go
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Libertarianism in Rhode Island Thou
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Land Tenure and Land Allocation in
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ing a separate absentee oligarchy,
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New Hampshire Breaks Free Conflicts
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The Narragansett Planters Another i
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7 New York Land Monopoly As early a
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manor (the "highland patent") began
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ecame mainly squabbles of family an
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Crown and for Robert Livingston to
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8 Slavery in New York Of all the No
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Roman Catholic priest found in the
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arms, and threatened Coxe with assa
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twenty of the rioters for high trea
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Hunter Morris sailed to London to p
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The first great wave of Ulster Scot
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idled, and therefore few Ulstermen
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While the great bulk of Pennsylvani
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scouts and Indian fighters. And by
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(Nova Scotia). The Assembly, urged
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13 The Emergence of Benjamin Frankl
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and influential men. Hardly had Fra
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getting ready to strike a mortal bl
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uncollectible quitrents. The upshot
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farmers, in contrast, retired from
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pains, jeered and cursed at every s
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15 The Virginia Land System The Sou
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first imported Germans were Swiss,
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16 The Virginia Political Structure
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ludicrous. If each voter gave his v
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British merchant-creditors, that is
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18 Slavery in Virginia As tobacco p
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the free Negroes [that the Assembly
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defeated the Tuscaroras, captured o
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collection of the rents. All in all
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21 Royal Government in North Caroli
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and taxes ceased to be paid through
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whites, whereas Negro slaves outnum
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esult could only be a rout. Fifty o
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colony and thrust into Florida by 1
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24 The Land Question in South Carol
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wicke, Izard, and Middleton. (Gover
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upon the Westo Indians in 1680, the
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colony in Gualé (to be called "Geo
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his chief ally, Viscount Percival,
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Since the funds all came philanthro
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the Assembly who did not have at le
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the Jews from the colony. Particula
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would shut off an expected flow of
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Courtesy of The New-York Historical
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New York Public Library Robert Walp
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26 Inflation and the Creation of Pa
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paper made a compulsory medium for
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As befitted their undeveloped econo
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violation of the law, the Assemblie
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pounds; for then no one would have
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price of silver in New England shil
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followed each new emission of paper
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in Massachusetts. In 1744, the tota
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If merchants were the leaders in ag
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27 The Communication of Ideas: Post
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None of these actions and restricti
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censorship through licensing of the
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sick wife; the lower house finally
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indeed for a despotically inclined
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egard to the laws." And the laws, l
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indefinitely and to ignore any writ
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his guilt was sentenced to the pill
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By the first decades of the eightee
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29 The Great Awakening Into this re
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University, which stressed evangeli
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In New Jersey the battle between th
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individualist, rationalist, and Arm
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isters were to be fined or expelled
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petition, but wiser heads prevailed
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Briant's essay led to a wave of Arm
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inant. Like their counterparts in A
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Meanwhile, similar protests were gr
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The great impact of John Woolman is
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tation, but all the time that they
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32 The Beginning of the Struggle ov
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grand design for an American establ
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opinion to open them again; and Wil
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oretical articulation and groundwor
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ights to popular government. There
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keep this property, exchange it for
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authority; that is, they are void;
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great for the sake of the public, a
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work of his hands are properly his
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PART III Relations with Britain
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decisions of governor and Council t
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of the Assemblies, which won for th
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purchasers or English shippers. Tob
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American woolens, the industry was
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twelve-inch diameters or more (but
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place, a virtual monopoly of the na
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The Walpoles were willing to appeas
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England had attacked France in two
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Page 233 and 234: ginia, in particular, began to pres
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Page 261 and 262: 41 Concluding Peace Although the co
Page 263 and 264: ing the French fort at Louisbourg.
Page 265 and 266: manuscript of Henry McCulloh, a Bri
Page 267 and 268: In the meanwhile, Pitt's acceptance
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Page 277 and 278: Land-grabbing and Indian conflicts
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Page 283 and 284: Index Abercromby, James, 247 abolit
Page 285 and 286: Burling, William, 175 Burr, Aaron,
Page 287 and 288: Duane, James, 41 Duane manor, 39 Du
Page 289 and 290: Hawley, Thomas, 36 Hayward, John, 1
Page 291 and 292: Maine, 55, 211; settlement of, 140
Page 293 and 294: pamphlets, 64, 66, 131, 132, 146, 1
Page 295 and 296: St. John, James, 104-105 salutary n
Page 297 and 298: Virginia, 54, 118, 154, 235, 243, 2
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