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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake 3.5.9.2 Introduction Tenualosa ilisha was first described by Russel (1803) from waters of Vizagapatan and named it “Palash”. Hamilton 1822 studied systematic status and described it under the name of Clupondon ilisha; Cuvier 1829, named it Clupea palasah; Regan (1917) created a new genus Hilsa and included Hilsa like clupeoids of the Indo-Pacific as Hilsa ilisha with other species Hilsa toli, Hilsa kanagurta; later Fowler 1941 and Munro 1955 gave Hilsa as a different genus Alosa (Fowler, 1941). T. ilisha (Palla) is one of the prominent commercial species of Pakistan and has a wide distribution, India, Bangladesh, Iran, Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Iraq and in the Gulf area. This species is considered a delicacy and has a traditional food value cooked in various preparations in Sindh. It is sold at high price of 200-500/- Rupees a piece (one kg). The seasonal ‘Palla’ is liked because of the fatty contents in their muscles and viscera. Information on Hilsa started from beginning of 1800 when Russel, 1803 was first to describe it as “Palla”. Hilsa fisheries started sometimes in 1907 (Qureshi, 1968) by Department of Fisheries, ras and Department of Fisheries, Bengal, Bihar, Orrisa and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan). Aitkin 1907 gave an count on Hilsa sp. from Sindh, later Jonkins 1910 discussed the spawning of Hilsa from River Indus. Simultaneously Devanesan 1942, Chacko & Gonapati 1949, Chacko et al., 1948 worked on biology, age and growth of Hilsa ilisha from ras; Kulkarni (1950) studied population biology, spawning, migration of T. ilisha in Narbado River; Chacko and Krishnamurthy 1950, Jones & Menon 1951, Jones 1952, Raj 1951, Pillay 1957 & 1958, Nair 1958, Swarup 1959, Ah 1960 studied Hilsa ilisha from India and Bangladesh (East Pakistan). There after Qureshi 1968, Bhuiyan 1960 and Pillay & Rosa 1963 worked on Hilsa from River Indus. In seventies some of the works that appeared were of Rajyalakshmi 1973, Nurul Islam 1974 on biology, length weight studies. Al-Nasiri and Al-Mukhtar in 1988 worked on food and feeding habits and reproduction of Hilsa. Recent works on this species are by Al-Hassan 1993 and Narejo et al., 1998, 1999 and Panhwar 2006. Al- Hassan 1993 reviewed various studies of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) including that of Pillay & Rosa 1963; Narejo et al., 1999 focused on growth, condition factor and length-weight relationship of Tenualosa ilisha from River Indus; Panhwar 2006 gave some data on T.ilisha and Hilsa kelee. Studies on the biology of T. ilisha are Dutt, 1966, described as for Prashad, 1919 that H.ilisha (Ham.) was considered as a fluvial anadromous fish with feeding grounds in the sea and spawning in freshwater rivers; Further Dutt, 1966 mentioned that Prashad, 1919 and Hora, 1938 did not consider it as true anadromous fish and that the young ones spend time before maturation along the deeper parts of the estuaries. There have been reviews of literature that argued the possibility of Hilsa traveling in sea but presence of their stocks in the foreshore and shore waters suggest that the stocks are confined to coastal waters. Pillay 1961 reported spent fish Hilsa from sea 9-12 miles off Veraval (in Saurashtran, Gujrat state suggesting spawning in sea); T. ilisha is known as migratory fish ascends River Indus during pre-monsoon and has been observed till September and some times it has been reported in November also. No detailed studies have been carried out on this species from River Indus WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 87 of 188
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keenjhar Lake 3.5.9.3 Morphological and anatomical features Image 9 – The Palla fish caught at Keti Bunder Ventral Fin: 7, Gill rakers 60 – 100, Scutes: 32-33, Scales in lateral series: 37 - 47 Current studies indicate no special mucous glands in buccal cavity. Swarup (1959) reported mucosal epithelium, which is considered as remains of primitive taste buds. T. ilishia is a plankton feeder. Gill rakers are special hairy structures present on the gills; during migrating journey water enters through mouth passes gills and while gill covers remains open to expel the water out. All particles present in the water are swallowed. 3.5.9.4 Feeding habits Food of fishes is mainly detritus, plankton (phytoplankton and zooplankton). Table 5 gives the brief feeding habits of T.ilisha in different regions and at length groups given by various workers. During migration these species are found starving while their young ones show plenty of sand grains and detritus in their stomach. Table 17 – Feeding habits of T. ilisha S.No. Researchers author(s) 1 Hora, 1938 Pulta, Barrackpore, 2 Hora & Nair, 1940 3 Jones & Menon, 1951 Locality Major types of feed Abundant by occurrence in India. East Bengal Rivers Diatoms, Copepods, Daphnia, Ostracods & smaller Crustaceans Filamentous algae, sand grains, diatoms & copepods Diatoms, Copepods, sand grains & other Planktonic Organisms guts Diatoms, Copepods Filamentous algae & diatoms Diatoms & Copepods 4 Pillay and Rosa, 1963 India Diatoms Melosira sp. 5 Qureshi, 1968 a Bangladesh Green & blue algae, Green and blue (East Pakistan) Diatoms, mud and algae, diatoms, sand grains, the fish copepods, sand uses its fat during it’s ascend in the river and stops feeding. grains. WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 88 of 188
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