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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder 2.6 Phytoplankton 2.6.1 Collection methodology Algal and phytoplankton species were collected in June and November 2007. A small boat was used along with a phytoplankton net of 5-10 µm mesh to collect samples. Water samples were collected each time using a water sampler (Nansen bottle) commonly unused for studying physico-chemical features, using standard methods (APHA, 1985) and for identification of phytoplankton. Samples were preserved in 4% formalin solution (Mason, 1967). The species composition was determined by utremohal method (Lund, 1958). The micro algae (ultra nanoplankton) were not counted as Gorham et al (1974) considered these algae comparatively un-important in high productive water-bodies. Identification and counts were done using inverted light microscope (BH-2 Olympus using objectives 10 X , 20 X , 40 X , 100 X but usually 20 X and 10 X eye piece was used) and identified with the help of available literature (Tilden, 1910; Husted, 1930; Majeed, 1935; Smith, 1950; Silva, 1954; Desikachary, 1959; Prescott, 1962; Siddiqi & Farooqi, 1964; Patrick, 1966; Philpose, 1967; Islam & Tahmida, 1970; Tiffany & Briton, 1970; Vinyard, 1979; Akiyama & Yamagishi, 1981; Shameel, 2001). 2.7 Zooplankton 2.7.1 Collection protocols and standardizing procedures Specimens belonging to diverse groups of invertebrates were collected from the various localities of the prescribed areas using a variety of collection protocols and techniques. 2.7.2 Aquatic invertebrate fauna - plankton net and drag nets The most widely used apparatus for collecting zooplankton is the plankton net. This, despite many minor variations in pattern, consists essentially of a cone of bolting silk, (or equivalent material) mounted on a ring or hoop to which are attached three thin bridles spliced on to a smaller ring by means of which the net can be shackled to a towing rope or warp. The end of the cone is left open and is reinforced by strong material, tapes or cords are sewn to this so that a small metal or glass jar can be tied into it. The jar receives most of the plankton as the net is towed along, but some always remains on the wall of the net and is removed by turning the net inside–out and washing it in a wide- mouthed receiving jar, holding about a liter of water. The sample was then preserved in the preservative chemicals. The plankton net was towed slowly behind the boat and mostly a five-minute or even less haul was usually sufficient to give an adequate amount of zooplankton. The mesh size of the material of which the net is constructed influences the kind of plankton caught. As the focus of the present study has been the macrozooplankton, therefore, plankton net of mesh size 0.03 mm was selected. (G. E.Newell and R. C Newell, 1963) 2.7.3 Random sampling The distribution and abundance of invertebrates are strongly influenced by abiotic factors, such as light, depth, temperature, salinity, tides and time of year (i.e. seasonal effects). Zooplankton, for example, is unevenly distributed over wide space and time scales in the water bodies. As it was not possible to sample all of the zooplankton from the lakes and other reservoirs using a single collection method, random sampling was therefore used as the probable procedure in which each and every species has the equal chance and probability to be caught during WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 31 of 188
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder sampling. Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and the likelihood of a biased data collection is thus reduced. 2.7.4 Precautions in field i. Sample labels are properly completed, including sample ID, date, stream name, ample location, and collector’s name, and placed into the sample container. The outside of the container should be labeled with the same information. ii. After sampling at a given site, all nets, pans and trays are rinsed thoroughly, examined and picked free of organisms or debris. Any additional organisms found should be placed into the sample containers. 2.7.5 Precautions in taxonomic investigation i. A voucher collection of samples is maintained. These specimens are properly labeled, preserved, and stored in the invertebrate repository for future reference. ii. The reference collection of each identified taxon is maintained and specimens sent out for taxonomic validations are also recorded with the label information and the date sent out. Upon return of the specimens, the date received and the finding are also recorded with the name of the person who performed the validation. iii. Information on samples completed (through the identification process) is recorded in the log register to track the progress of each sample. A library of basic taxonomic literature is maintained and frequently revitalized to ensure accurate identifications. 2.7.6 Hand picking and use of forceps Hand picking, through bare hands or with the help of long forceps, which has been adopted for the present studies, is by far the most productive method for collecting different groups of terrestrial invertebrates especially arachnids (spiders, solifugids) and myriopods etc. The specimens collected or observed during the survey were photographed with digital camera and significant field data were recorded. The voucher specimens collected were transported to the PMNH laboratory for future reference. 2.7.7 Preservation and storage of the specimens All invertebrate specimens including the zooplankton were preserved by the addition of grades of formaldehyde and 70 % ethyl alcohol. These fluids suffice to preserve the samples indefinitely and also have the effect of sending all the plankton to the bottom of the jar. All zooplankton are delicate and easily get damaged, so sample handling was gentle. It is advisable not to concentrate the sample too much. Zooplanktons were sub-sampled by adding water to bring the samples to a known volume (500 or 1000 ml). The concentrated samples were then stored in suitable bottles and plastic screw tapped jars. The date, place of origin, mesh-size of the net, length and depth of the haul were written in Indian ink on quality paper and placed in the jar as the labels outside usually peel off after some time. 2.7.8 Counting and studying the zooplankton The volume of the zooplankton is determined by the displacement method. First the total volume of the concentrated sample plus the preserving fluid is measured. Then the plankton is filtered off, using a filter paper in a funnel, and the volume of WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 32 of 188
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