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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder 2.1 Large Mammals 2.1.1 Team composition Apart from the permanent team members from WWF Pakistan, different professionals, field biologists and supporting staff members from different site offices of Indus for All Programme, Sindh Wildlife Department, Sindh Forest Department and Karachi University accompanied the study team. The study teams comprised of 6-9 members for different sites during summer and winter surveys. Details of study teams for each site are given in Appendix I. Most of the large mammals reported from the sites are mostly nocturnal whereas few diurnal medium sized and larger mammals are also distributed in the area. The aquatic mammals are reported only from Keti Bunder and Keti Shah. Therefore, different direct and indirect methods of detection were applied; first to locate various mammalian species and secondly, to estimate the populations of some mammals of concern. The following direct and indirect observation methods applied during the survey included; 2.1.2 Point surveys In this method, observation points were established along roads, edges of ponds or marshes, at a higher place or at any other location suitable for viewing the habitat. For a period of 15 to 60 minutes at each observation point, the observer recorded all sightings of the mammals at that site and then calculated an index of abundance of each species as the number of animals seen per hour of observation (Brower et. al 1990). 2.1.3 Roadside Counts Usually it is difficult to locate a large mammal by walking in its habitat, as it can smell the human from a long distance. Hence, the method of roadside counts was applied to locate and to have population estimates of different mammalian species. Roadside counts technique was applied in Keti Bunder, Chotiari Reservoir and Pai Forest mostly for the nocturnal mammals like foxes, jackals, cats, hog deer and wild boar as well as for the diurnal mammals like mongooses. For this purpose, 4x4 vehicles were used which were driven at a slow speed (7 km/hr) along water channels in Keti Bunder (3 km/h). These roadside counts were carried out during early morning at dawn and during night by using search lights. At Keti Bunder, this method was applied to locate different mammalian species. About 25 km area along the banks of Door water channel, along dirt road near Khaaro Chan where River Indus falls into the sea and along different embankments near different villages in Keti Bunder was searched for different mammals. 2.1.4 Track counts Tracks can be the first indication of the presence of animals in an area. Track counts especially after rain can be useful in identifying different animals especially those which are nocturnal and secretive in habits. A fresh rain eliminates the previous tracks and the recent tracks of animals entering or leaving the study area can be used as a measure of their abundance. At Keti Bunder and Keenjhar this technique was applied just for the confirmation of the presence of nocturnal mammals. WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 23 of 188
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder 2.1.5 Line transects The line transect or strip census method of population estimation involves counting the animals seen by an observer traversing a predetermined transect line and recording the distances at which they were seen or flushed. The average of the flushing distance is determined and used to calculate the effective width of the strip covered by the observer. The population for the entire area then is considered to be the number of animals flushed, divided by the area of the strip and multiplied by the total area (Schemnitz 1980). P = AZ / 2XY P = population A = total area of study Z = number of animals flushed Y = average flushing distance X = length of strip Line transects or strip census method is a particularly useful technique when animals are difficult to see and must be flushed to be counted. This methodology was applied in Pai forest for the estimation of Hog deer and Indian wild boar, in Chotiari for foxes and at Keenjhar for jackals and in Keti Bunder for estimating the population of hump-backed dolphin. At Keti Bunder, this technique was applied for observing the Cetaceans (dolphins and porpoises) in different creeks. For this purpose, three different transects (starting and stopping points) were taken on a motor boat driven at a speed of 7 km/h in different creeks. The length of each transect was 4 km while the width was 250 m on either side of the boat. Two observers and one recorder worked simultaneously and each observer watched 90º in an arc sweeping one quarter on front view from the boat. Binoculars (10x40) were used for observations and the data were recorded on the Cetacean Sighting Recording Protocol 2.1.6 Pellet counts Pellets’ counting in a specific area is a good technique for locating large mammals and assessing their populations. This technique involves removing all pellet groups from plots and then estimating from subsequent observations on those plots the number of groups per hectare to compare animal use of areas between sampling periods. In some cases it is not possible to remove all the pellet groups from an area therefore under such circumstances; an observer with a little practice can identify the fresh pellets depending on the color and dryness of the pellets. Ten to fifteen 100 m² plots (7.07 x 14.14) can be used for this purpose. These plots should be checked every three to seven days and the periods between samplings should not be so long that feces will decompose or be destroyed by weather or insects. A random selection of plots in the study area and the number of pellet groups in each plot is tallied and summed (Brower et. al 1990). An index of density (ID) of the number of pellet groups per unit area is then determined as: WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme Page 24 of 188
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