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Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder low temperature although the water influx in the area increases comparatively. Due to the massive reduction in the crab catch, sometimes a single crab is also sold up to 100 rupees per specimen during winter. Mangroves line approximately eight percent of the world’s coastline and are distributed along approximately one-quarter of the world’s tropical coastlines, covering a surface area of 181 000 km2 (Spalding et al., 1997). These ecosystems can withstand frequent inundation by seawater and flourish in saline conditions. While the value of the goods and services provided by these ecosystems varies, poor coastal communities are particularly dependent on the resources uniquely available in the harsh yet fertile environment of mangrove ecosystems. Yet, despite their usefulness and unique niche at the margin of the land and the sea, mangroves are under heavy stress. (Burke et al. 2002). The mangroves found in the Keti Bunder and surroundings are facing the similar rather severe situations due to multiple social and ecological reasons and this is leading to a tremendous and rapid decline in the invaluable biodiversity involving many species of crabs, shrimps and other economically important invertebrates of Pakistan. The rapid and visible decline in the mangroves cover over the last two decades is an obvious alarm to the enormous yet ecologically fragile ecosystem of this area, which may ultimately result in some drastic declines in the invaluable invertebrate species depending on this ecosystem. Effectively palpable efforts need to be undertaken in order to capitalize the currently available resources in such a way that not only the huge prawn fisheries practices in the area survive and improve qualitatively but also the resources be conserved and enhanced in terms of quantity for the future generations. Marine fisheries: After the limits of Kotri Barrage a small village Keti Bunder is located in Thatta district. Keti Bunder is situated in the Ochto mouth of the Indus, which enters the sea through the Hajamoro Creek, 10 meters from the settlement. The area consists of mud flats and crisscrossed with water channels, giving the place an appearance of a marsh. Towards the west coast of Keti Bunder on the opposite bank of Ochto River, there is vegetation of mangrove plants Avicennis marina, wild rice Oryza grass and shrub Salsola. Towards the land sand dunes are visible to miles. Most of the mangroves plantations are lost. Dense mangroves cover about 2631 hectares; medium mangrove cover 1996 hectares and the sparse mangrove cover 3588 hectares. Presently with the great deal of efforts made by WWF mangroves nurseries appear at sites selected by the WWF, some small seedlings are apparent from far off. The area has significant biodiversity value, especially by the wintering activities of avifauna, migratory Flamingos, Pelicans and cranes that stop over for feeding, resting and roosting purpose. In monsoon the area is rich by the great treasure of traditional Palla Tenualosa ilisha fish, migrating from sea towards Indus River. Physico-chemical properties of water: The water quality analysis of surface drain from agriculture land and waste water coming from Keti Bunder Town does not meet the National Environment Quality Standards, however, it indicates it is not a serious threat for the Keti Bunder area, because of very low quantity of agricultural and municipal drainage (waste) water. The water quality analysis of the creek areas has shown that all parameters except the phenol and nickel are within acceptable limits for marine life including mangrove and fish species.. The pollution of nickel and phenol is attributed to the municipal and industrial waste of Karachi entering in the sea. There is no major source of pollution in Keti Bunder study area. The water quality analysis of sub surface water (hand pump) used by the locals living in the creek area for drinking purposes has indicated that the WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme xviii
Detailed Ecological Assessment Report 2008 – Keti Bunder water quality is not of acceptable standards, as it is influenced by the sea. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salt concentration (calcium + magnesium chlorides), nickel and phenol were found higher than the WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards. However, the remaining parameters are within the WHO safe limits. Adequate amount of fresh water (10 maf) flows along with silt containing nutrients is vital for the survival of the mangrove forest and its habitat. It would also reduce coastal land erosion by sediment nourishment along the eroded coastal areas. The fresh water availability in the Indus delta has been continuously decreasing for years. Consequently, fish breeding and shrimp species has been affected and the migration of the famous Palla fish upstream has been hampered. Therefore, enforcement of local governmental regulations and sustainable development of mangroves are necessary. Also the involvement of local communities in the sustainable management and protection of their coastal resources, including the nearby mangrove forests should be ensured. WWF Pakistan – Indus for All Programme xix
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Index value 0.96 0.94 0.92 Detailed
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Disclaimer note - WWF - Pakistan

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