Sample A: Cover Page of Thesis, Project, or Dissertation Proposal

contempt, and fear. Dyads were then instructed to discuss photographs depicting sadness
and anger while mothers also emulated sadness and anger. Denham and Auerbach (1995)
coded emotion language from mother-child dyads‘ discussions of an emotion-laden
storybook including happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, and fear. Mothers‘ and
children‘s emotion language in either study was labeled as commenting, explaining,
questioning, guiding, socializing, and repeating emotion language.
Findings from both studies illustrate the role of emotion socialization in
facilitating children‘s emotion understanding. Results revealed that mothers‘ questioning
their children during both tasks was positively associated with children using emotion
language in explaining infants‘ emotional states and with children imitating their
mothers‘ negative emotions during mothers‘ emotion emulation. Mothers‘ and children‘s
use of guiding language and repetitions during both tasks were positively related. Further,
when children explained infants‘ emotions in both tasks, mothers reinforced their
children‘s efforts through repetition. Children‘s emotion knowledge was positively
related to mothers‘ repetitions of children‘s emotion language in the first task and to
mothers‘ commenting and explaining in the second task (Denham et al., 1992). The
Denham and Auerbach (1995) study found that mothers who explained storybook
characters‘ emotions repeated their children‘s emotion language, questioned children
about storybook content, and used emotion language in socializing or guiding behavior.
Further, results revealed that mothers‘ explanations of storybook content were positively
correlated with children‘s emotional expressions, that mothers‘ guiding language was
positively correlated with children‘s guiding and socializing language, and that mothers‘
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