Motherhood in Childhood

More documents

Recommendations

Info

this often-overlooked group’s unique needs, vulnerabilities and challenges. At the ICPD, governments across the globe recognized the special needs of adolescents and youth and the unique barriers they face in accessing quality reproductive health information and services. Participating governments agreed to remove regulatory, legal, and social barriers that inhibit adolescents’ access to services. They also agreed that health services must safeguard the rights of adolescents to privacy and confidentiality, employing the evolving capacities standard for autonomous decision-making. 4 Ensure adolescents’ access to comprehensive sexuality education, services and maternal health care Expand access to comprehensive sexuality education Age-appropriate, comprehensive sexuality education provides adolescents with vital information about preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and can promote gender equality. The ICPD global survey shows that about 76 per cent of countries were committed to age-appropriate sexuality education, about 70 per cent were committed to revising curricula to make them more gender-sensitive and 69 per cent supported life-skills training for young people through formal education. Increasing access to age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education—so that it reaches boys and girls and adolescents who are in or out of school, including those from indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities—would contribute to improved health of girls and boys, promote equitable gender relations, help prevent pregnancy, and in turn help girls remain in school and realize their full potential. Strengthen gender equality and rights aspects of the curriculum Research shows that the comprehensive sexuality education programmes that have had the greatest impact on reducing adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections were those that addressed gender and power issues (Haberland and Rogow, 2013). Studies show that young people who believe in gender equality have better sexual health outcomes than their peers (International Sexuality and HIV Curriculum Working Group, 2011). Comprehensive sexuality education should therefore address issues of gender and rights in a meaningful way. Young people who, compared to their peers, adopt egalitarian attitudes about gender roles are more likely to delay sexual debut, use condoms, and practice contraception; they also have lower rates of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy (Dupas, 2011). In addition, sexuality education is more likely to be effective in protecting adolescents’ health and preventing pregnancy if it is age-appropriate, comprehensive, based on evidence and core values and human rights, gender-sensitive, promotes academic growth and critical thinking, fosters civic engagement, and is culturally appropriate. The picture, however, remains sobering with regard to reaching marginalized adolescents, including those living in extreme poverty and married girls. Very few programmes reach these groups, especially adolescents who are not in school. Developing out-of-school programmes is therefore essential. 88 CHAPTER 5: CHARTING THE WAY FORWARD
©Mark Tuschman/Packard Foundation Establish, strengthen and increase access to health services that adolescents will use Girls need a range of support, programmes and services, including health services. However, services tailored to adolescents’ specific needs in many areas are limited, even though 78 per cent of the countries surveyed indicated they are committed to increasing access to comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services for adolescents—married or unmarried (UNFPA, 2013e). Even when adolescentfriendly services are available, adolescents may not have access to them for reasons including inconvenient locations or opening hours, cost or the stigma they may experience in their communities. Moreover, adolescents will not use them if they are treated poorly by providers. Policymakers committed to increasing adolescents’ access to and use of services should ensure that providers are trained to work with young people, respect confidentiality and offer complete, evidence-based and accurate information. Adolescent-friendly services should also offer low-cost or free contraception, including male and female condoms, emergency contraception, and a full range of modern methods, including long-acting reversible methods, according to adolescents’ preferences and needs. Improved service delivery must be coupled with strong community mobilization and dedicated outreach so young people know which services are available to them and how they can obtain them. Voucher schemes can help disadvantaged adolescents access services that THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2013 89
Page 1 and 2:
Motherhood in Childhood Facing the
Page 3 and 4:
state of world population 2013 Moth
Page 5 and 6:
to health. Conversely, a girl who i
Page 7 and 8:
“I was 14… My mom and her siste
Page 9 and 10:
access to sexual and reproductive h
Page 11 and 12:
Research shows that addressing unin
Page 13 and 14:
Additional efforts must be made to
Page 15 and 16:
1 A global challenge Every year in
Page 17 and 18:
ights, or where access to health ca
Page 19 and 20:
According to DHS and MICS surveys,
Page 21 and 22:
“Efforts—and resources—to pre
Page 23 and 24:
adolescents with no education and i
Page 25 and 26:
A UNFPA review of four countries fo
Page 27 and 28:
Developed countries face challenges
Page 29 and 30:
ESTIMATING ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND
Page 31 and 32:
2 The impact on girls’ health, ed
Page 33 and 34:
can increase the risk of miscarriag
Page 35 and 36:
In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated
Page 37 and 38:
ADOLESCENTS, AGES 10 TO 19, LIVING
Page 39 and 40:
community environments, she may fee
Page 41 and 42:
effect could have added $3.4 billio
Page 43 and 44:
suggest that between 38 per cent an
Page 45 and 46:
3 Pressures from many directions Ad
Page 47 and 48:
DETERMINANTS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANC
Page 49 and 50:
social and economic exclusion from
Page 51 and 52: seen as “what girls are for,” a
Page 53 and 54: Youth-friendly services Youth-frien
Page 55 and 56: An adolescent girl whose sexual par
Page 57 and 58: and stay in school, however, may re
Page 59 and 60: A study covering four African count
Page 61 and 62: esponsibilities of breadwinner and
Page 63 and 64: Child marriage does not always lead
Page 65 and 66: In much of Europe and North America
Page 67 and 68: Child, 2003; CEDAW, 1999; CRPD, Art
Page 69 and 70: Young people who are not living wit
Page 71 and 72: 4 Taking action Multilevel interven
Page 73 and 74: actions have in some way contribute
Page 75 and 76: average household income. About 70
Page 77 and 78: (“Open Opportunities”), establi
Page 79 and 80: In India, Pathfinder International
Page 81 and 82: has learned a number of lessons abo
Page 83 and 84: change behaviour through the threat
Page 85 and 86: contraception, through its Competit
Page 87 and 88: and Nicaragua to strengthen the cap
Page 89 and 90: developing gender-equitable attitud
Page 91 and 92: eight outreach centres which offer,
Page 93 and 94: influence gender-related attitudes
Page 95 and 96: ehaviours of boys and girls, or inc
Page 97 and 98: 5 Charting the way forward Adolesce
Page 99 and 100: overlooked by policymakers and deve
Page 101: and providing a safe environment fo
Page 105 and 106: great risk of injury, illness and m
Page 107 and 108: • Registering all births and marr
Page 109 and 110: not address social norms risk treat
Page 111 and 112: Towards empowered adolescent girls
Page 113 and 114: Indicators Monitoring ICPD goals: s
Page 115 and 116: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 121 and 122: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 125 and 126: Bibliography Abdella A. et al. 2013
Page 132: Delivering a world where every preg
show all

Motherhood in Childhood

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?