Motherhood in Childhood

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The State of World Population 2013 This report was produced by the Information and External Relations Division of UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund. LEAD RESEARCHER AND AUTHOR Nancy Williamson, PhD, teaches at the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina. Earlier, she served as Director of USAID’s YouthNet Project and the Botswana Basha Lesedi youth project funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. She taught at Brown University, worked for the Population Council and for Family Health International. She lived in and worked on family planning projects in India and the Philippines. Author of numerous scholarly papers, Ms. Williamson is also the author of Sons or daughters: a cross-cultural survey of parental preferences, about preferences for sons or daughters around the world. RESEARCH ADVISER Robert W. Blum, MD, MPH, PhD, is the William H. Gates, Sr. Professor and Chair of the Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health and Director of the Hopkins Urban Health Institute at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr Blum is internationally recognized for his expertise and advocacy related to adolescent sexual and reproductive health research. He has edited two books and written more than 250 articles, book chapters and reports. He is the former president of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, past board chair of the Guttmacher Institute, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences and a consultant to the World Health Organization and UNFPA. UNFPA ADVISORY TEAM Bruce Campbell Kate Gilmore Mona Kaidbey Laura Laski Edilberto Loaiza Sonia Martinelli-Heckadon Niyi Ojuolape Jagdish Upadhyay Sylvia Wong EDITORIAL TEAM Editor: Richard Kollodge Editorial associate: Robert Puchalik Editorial and administrative associate: Mirey Chaljub Distribution manager: Jayesh Gulrajani Design: Prographics, Inc. Cover photo: © Mark Tuschman/Planned Parenthood Global ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editorial team is grateful for additional insights, contributions and feedback from UNFPA colleagues, including Alfonso Barragues, Abubakar Dungus, Nicole Foster, Luis Mora and Dianne Stewart. Edilberto Loiaza produced the statistical analysis that provided the foundation for this report. Our thanks also go to UNFPA colleagues Aicha El Basri, Jens-Hagen Eschenbaecher, Nicole Foster, Adebayo Fayoyin, Hugues Kone, William A. Ryan, Alvaro Serrano and numerous collegues from UNFPA offices around the world for developing feature stories and for making sure that adolescents’ own voices were reflected in the report. A number of recommendations in the report are based on research by Kwabena Osei-Danquah and Rachel Snow at UNFPA on progress achieved since the Programme of Action was adopted at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. Shireen Jejeebhoy of the Population Council reviewed literature and provided text on sexual violence against adolescents. Nicola Jones of the Overseas Development Institute summarized research on cash transfers. Monica Kothari of Macro International analysed Demographic and Health Survey data on adolescent reproductive health. Christina Zampas led the research and drafting of aspects of the report that address the human rights dimension of adolescent pregnancy. MAPS AND DESIGNATIONS The designations employed and the presentation of material in maps in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNFPA concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. A dotted line approximately represents the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. UNFPA Delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted every childbirth is safe and every young person’s potential is fulfilled
state of world population 2013 Motherhood in Childhood Facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy Foreword page ii Overview page iv 1 A global challenge page 1 2 3 Pressures 4 The impact on girls' health, education and productivity from many directions Taking action page 17 page 31 page 57 Charting a way forward page 83 5 Indicators page 99 Bibliography page 111 © Getty Images/Camilla Watson
Page 1: Motherhood in Childhood Facing the
Page 5 and 6: to health. Conversely, a girl who i
Page 7 and 8: “I was 14… My mom and her siste
Page 9 and 10: access to sexual and reproductive h
Page 11 and 12: Research shows that addressing unin
Page 13 and 14: Additional efforts must be made to
Page 15 and 16: 1 A global challenge Every year in
Page 17 and 18: ights, or where access to health ca
Page 19 and 20: According to DHS and MICS surveys,
Page 21 and 22: “Efforts—and resources—to pre
Page 23 and 24: adolescents with no education and i
Page 25 and 26: A UNFPA review of four countries fo
Page 27 and 28: Developed countries face challenges
Page 29 and 30: ESTIMATING ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY AND
Page 31 and 32: 2 The impact on girls’ health, ed
Page 33 and 34: can increase the risk of miscarriag
Page 35 and 36: In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated
Page 37 and 38: ADOLESCENTS, AGES 10 TO 19, LIVING
Page 39 and 40: community environments, she may fee
Page 41 and 42: effect could have added $3.4 billio
Page 43 and 44: suggest that between 38 per cent an
Page 45 and 46: 3 Pressures from many directions Ad
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Page 49 and 50: social and economic exclusion from
Page 51 and 52: seen as “what girls are for,” a
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Youth-friendly services Youth-frien
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An adolescent girl whose sexual par
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and stay in school, however, may re
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A study covering four African count
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esponsibilities of breadwinner and
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Child marriage does not always lead
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In much of Europe and North America
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Child, 2003; CEDAW, 1999; CRPD, Art
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Young people who are not living wit
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4 Taking action Multilevel interven
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actions have in some way contribute
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average household income. About 70
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(“Open Opportunities”), establi
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In India, Pathfinder International
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has learned a number of lessons abo
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change behaviour through the threat
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contraception, through its Competit
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and Nicaragua to strengthen the cap
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developing gender-equitable attitud
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eight outreach centres which offer,
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influence gender-related attitudes
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ehaviours of boys and girls, or inc
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5 Charting the way forward Adolesce
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overlooked by policymakers and deve
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and providing a safe environment fo
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©Mark Tuschman/Packard Foundation
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great risk of injury, illness and m
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• Registering all births and marr
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not address social norms risk treat
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Towards empowered adolescent girls
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Indicators Monitoring ICPD goals: s
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Bibliography Abdella A. et al. 2013
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Page 129 and 130:
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Delivering a world where every preg
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