Motherhood in Childhood

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t Guatemala's Survivors Foundation counsels girls and women who have been sexually assaulted. © UNFPA Guatemala Analysis of DHS surveys from 14 countries shows that the proportion of young women between 15 and 24 years old whose first sexual experience—within or before marriage— was non-consensual ranged widely from 2 per cent in Azerbaijan to 64 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (UNFPA and Population Council, 2009). Likewise, a World Health Organization multi-country study in 10 countries found that the share of women reporting forced first sex ranged from about 1 per cent in Japan and Serbia to about 30 per cent in Bangladesh (Garcia-Moreno et al., 2005). Forced sex also occurs within marriage. For example, an analysis of DHS surveys from 27 countries found that the proportion of young women, ages 15 to 24, who reported sexual violence perpetrated by their husbands ranged from 1 per cent in Nigeria to 33 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (UNFPA and Population Council, 2009). Indeed, as a study in Nyeri, Kenya, among married and unmarried young women between the ages of 10 and 24 showed, married females were at even higher risk of experiencing sexual coercion than their unmarried, sexually active counterparts (Erulkar, 2004). Contrary to popular belief, perpetrators of sexual violence are typically boys and men known to their adolescent victims: husbands, intimate partners, acquaintances or those in positions of authority. This finding is observed across all regions of the world (Jejeebhoy and Bott, 2005; Jejeebhoy et al., 2005; Bott et al., 2012; Erulkar, 2004). An estimated one in five adolescent girls experiences abuse during pregnancy (World Health Organization, 2007; Parker et al., 1994). Twenty-one per cent of adolescents experience intimate-partner violence within three months of delivery. Physical abuse and violence during pregnancy have been recognized as important risk factors for poor health in both mothers and infants (World Health Organization, 2007; Newberger et al., 1992). Coerced sex is “the act of forcing or attempting to force another individual through violence, threats, verbal insistence, deception, cultural expectations or economic circumstances to engage in sexual behaviour against her/his will” (Heise et al., 1995). Several national and sub-national studies suggest that between 15 per cent and 45 per cent of young women who had engaged in premarital sex reported at least one coercive experience. 40 CHAPTER 3: PRESSURES FROM MANY DIRECTIONS
An adolescent girl whose sexual partner is considerably older is at greater risk of coerced sex, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and pregnancy. When a partner is significantly older, the power differential in the relationship is especially unfavourable for the girl, making it more difficult for her to negotiate the use of contraception, especially condoms, for protection against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. In five of 26 countries covered by a recent study (Kothari et al., 2012), at least 10 per cent of adolescent girls (ages 15 to 19) reported having had sex in the preceding year with a man who was at least 10 years older: Dominican Republic (10 per cent), the Republic of the Congo (11 per cent), Armenia and Zimbabwe (15 per cent) and Ethiopia (21 per cent). Unmarried girls may face an additional form of sexual coercion that makes them vulnerable to pregnancy: pressures from transactional sex. One study in Zimbabwe found, for example, that of 1,313 men surveyed, 126 of them (10.4 per cent) reported having traded money or gifts for sex with an adolescent girl in the preceding six months (Wyrod et al., 2011). These “gifts” are “imbued with power differentials and offered to girls who have little voice to say ‘no’” (Presler- Marshall and Jones, 2012). Human rights bodies condemn sexual violence against women and adolescent girls in all its forms, whether it occurs in times of peace or in times of conflict by State actors or by private persons, whether it occurs in the home, schools, the workplace, or in health care facilities, or whether it results in a pregnancy or not. The rights to be free from violence, ill treatment, and torture, as well as the rights to life, health, and non-discrimination create a government duty to protect women and adolescent girls from s Young people in Ecuador participate in a march organized to mark adolescent pregnancy prevention week. ©UNFPA/Jeannina Crespo THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2013 41
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Motherhood in Childhood Facing the
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Page 5 and 6: to health. Conversely, a girl who i
Page 7 and 8: “I was 14… My mom and her siste
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Page 13 and 14: Additional efforts must be made to
Page 15 and 16: 1 A global challenge Every year in
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Page 19 and 20: According to DHS and MICS surveys,
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Page 25 and 26: A UNFPA review of four countries fo
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Page 37 and 38: ADOLESCENTS, AGES 10 TO 19, LIVING
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great risk of injury, illness and m
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• Registering all births and marr
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not address social norms risk treat
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Towards empowered adolescent girls
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Indicators Monitoring ICPD goals: s
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Bibliography Abdella A. et al. 2013
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Delivering a world where every preg
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