The Making of a Good White - E-thesis - Helsinki.fi

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Myriam Houssay-Holzscuch for her wisdom, for private and professional sisterhood, and for sharing the stoep on the top of that mountain with me. For funding I thank University of Helsinki for a travel scholarship and a scholarship for the last three months of my work. My main funding was provided by the Academy of Finland. In Helsinki, Petra Autio and Maria Koskijoki were present with their sharp comments and good ideas. Other friends who were important during different phases of the work and helped and supported its progress in various ways are Anne Leilde, Petri Motari, Bernita de Wet, Mikko Jauho, Tea Virtanen, Anna-Sirkku Tiilikainen, Ville Luukkainen, Minna Ruckenstein and Wiechard Otto. Heide Hackmann was in the right place in right time…not to mention her furniture! I thank Hanna Ristisuo for drawing the maps. My sister Saana Teppo provided a helping hand during my fieldwork. I am also indebted to the rest of my family for supporting me in numerous ways. My sincerest apologies if I have inadvertently omitted anyone to whom acknowledgement is due. Without doubt there will be errors, omissions and over-simplifications, for which I take absolute responsibility, while hoping that the rest of the material will be enough to stimulate insights into this study of a South African period. In Cape Town, I thank Communicare (formerly Citizens’ Housing League), and there, particularly, those who facilitated my work so much. Without their unprejudiced access to their archives and premises this thesis could never have happened. I particularly thank Beth Meyer for her wonderful insights and the cheerful faith she had in my work. Una Smit and Yolanda Blom were also helpful. I hope this work can, in return, also help today’s Communicare, which is very different from the Citizens’ Housing League of the past, to understand its own history. In Ruyterwacht, I am particularly thankful for Ursula Bulpitt and her family, and all the other wonderful people of Ruyterwacht who did so much to help me. You know who you are. In Stellenbosch, I will be forever grateful to Ilse Evertse and her family. During this work Ilse was my friend, my surrogate mother and an ingenious editor who never gave up her stalwart attempts to improve my character, my linguistic abilities and writing style. I owe Wilhelmien van der Merwe and her wonderful family an immeasurable debt for taking us into her heart, kitchen and under her mighty Boere wings, thus allowing two strangers to not only endure, but to get to 6
love and understand their country and people. There will never be enough words for me to express my gratitude. I dedicate this thesis with all my love and gratitude to those who constitute the foundation of my life then and now and, I hope, always will: to Pasi Risberg for his unconditional loyalty and affection, and to my daughter Pihla Teppo who ungrudgingly followed me there and back, never losing her brave spirit. Thank you all. Annika Björnsdotter Teppo Helsinki July 2004 7
Page 1 and 2: Annika Björnsdotter Teppo THE MAKI
Page 3: ”Dit is dr. Anton Rupert wat ges
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS 1. Introduction Background
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS Men and Women at Work: Toi
Page 13 and 14: 1. INTRODUCTION ”...There are ver
Page 15 and 16: of national unity (volkseenheid) an
Page 17 and 18: individual studies take in respect
Page 19 and 20: effortless, and it did not always p
Page 21 and 22: these bodily and social boundaries?
Page 23 and 24: term ‘poor white’ can be regard
Page 25 and 26: 2. THE POOR WHITE CATEGORY The cate
Page 27 and 28: Poverty became more visible in the
Page 29 and 30: POOR WHITEISM Until the 1880s, pove
Page 31 and 32: people (Mattila 1996: 15-16). These
Page 33 and 34: mindedness assumed that it was conc
Page 35 and 36: that it had been strongly influence
Page 37 and 38: dependent was thus perceived as a c
Page 39 and 40: Afrikaner organisations such as the
Page 41 and 42: whites. Between 1880s and 1930s the
Page 43 and 44: poor whites was a crucial part of t
Page 45 and 46: From the beginning, the Housing Lea
Page 47 and 48: The First Residents: 1938-1948 Whil
Page 49 and 50: dren, while her husband Charles wor
Page 51 and 52: control of the poor whites grew har
Page 53 and 54: the area is not shared by middle-cl
Page 55 and 56: private life was not really private
Page 57 and 58:
project, and a warning of the conse
Page 59 and 60:
national prize-winning novel Triomf
Page 61 and 62:
THE POOR WHITE STIGMA After the Sec
Page 63 and 64:
of ‘racially superior’ whites t
Page 65 and 66:
3. FIELDWORK: FACING THE ISSUES OF
Page 67 and 68:
whites, and furthermore, a betrayal
Page 69 and 70:
In EGV I was an outsider, a profess
Page 71 and 72:
understanding of the everyday life
Page 73 and 74:
the past ten years 71 discussions o
Page 75 and 76:
Toit 1992 and 2003; Morrell 1992; P
Page 77 and 78:
In Discipline and Punish, Foucault
Page 79 and 80:
his body, he takes into account soc
Page 81 and 82:
odily values (e.g. cleanliness). Si
Page 83 and 84:
suburb. Other things, such as an ab
Page 85 and 86:
for symbolic power is a very defini
Page 87 and 88:
egulation. The means to this end we
Page 89 and 90:
Embodiment and distinctions in the
Page 91 and 92:
encouraged the system of concubinag
Page 93 and 94:
The conversations followed a basic
Page 95 and 96:
The world of the pass-whites was in
Page 97 and 98:
people, since that would lead to de
Page 99 and 100:
140-141; Dubow 1995: 281-283; O’M
Page 101 and 102:
space, but there were still many ur
Page 103 and 104:
(1970: 17). Therefore the treatment
Page 105 and 106:
intellectuals and church officials,
Page 107 and 108:
acism. In 1932 he was nominated to
Page 109 and 110:
and economic upliftment of the poor
Page 111 and 112:
CONSTRUCTING EGV, A WHITE SUBURBAN
Page 113 and 114:
Map 3: Ruyterwacht in 2001 113
Page 115 and 116:
study model cities in England, Germ
Page 117 and 118:
Since the spatial planning of the a
Page 119 and 120:
well-being of the poor whites and t
Page 121 and 122:
tion was to be a way out of humilia
Page 123 and 124:
6. THE ERA OF FAITH AND HARD WORK:
Page 125 and 126:
The CHL wanted to ensure that it ch
Page 127 and 128:
Social Services in the CHL Housing
Page 129 and 130:
Advice was offered on employment an
Page 131 and 132:
DISTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC CAPITAL De
Page 133 and 134:
money each family had spent on furn
Page 135 and 136:
of rehabilitation. From the very be
Page 137 and 138:
the idealisation of volksmoeders ti
Page 139 and 140:
tution could provide. The risks inv
Page 141 and 142:
“…the tenants in the Company’
Page 143 and 144:
doctors to exercise care in issuing
Page 145 and 146:
(and still are) measures of a good
Page 147 and 148:
“It is said that Mrs. H. is addic
Page 149 and 150:
“It was stated by neighbours howe
Page 151 and 152:
deteriorating infl uence on other c
Page 153 and 154:
“Investigation of the family circ
Page 155 and 156:
purity. They accepted people with a
Page 157 and 158:
unhappiness and tells her not to wo
Page 159 and 160:
still accepted as White, for they w
Page 161 and 162:
CONCLUSION Epping Garden Village wa
Page 163 and 164:
During this era most of the residen
Page 165 and 166:
7. THE ERA OF STAGNATION AND DISINT
Page 167 and 168:
Being simultaneously poor and white
Page 169 and 170:
The question of an optimal minimum
Page 171 and 172:
ing privately owned homes, and the
Page 173 and 174:
times and had nowhere else to go. T
Page 175 and 176:
which, combined with the regulation
Page 177 and 178:
Offi cer for automatic transfer to
Page 179 and 180:
contributed to the family income mu
Page 181 and 182:
aimed at those children who were sh
Page 183 and 184:
eficial manner, and connected with
Page 185 and 186:
itself as ”narrative structural p
Page 187 and 188:
in order to scare their men into be
Page 189 and 190:
with different men at different tim
Page 191 and 192:
came obvious from the note in the a
Page 193 and 194:
when the state paid for travel, clo
Page 195 and 196:
She already had four siblings at th
Page 197 and 198:
make it likely that some people did
Page 199 and 200:
acks on the idea of Afrikanerdom. T
Page 201 and 202:
scribed in the conclusion of the pr
Page 203 and 204:
The racial ideas are alive and well
Page 205 and 206:
The white residents of the suburb c
Page 207 and 208:
Throughout the twentieth century th
Page 209 and 210:
plaints are not openly directed at
Page 211 and 212:
Some have moved to Goodwood, some h
Page 213 and 214:
On the western boundary of Ruyterwa
Page 215 and 216:
the position of poor white areas in
Page 217 and 218:
since, as Burkitt has suggested,
Page 219 and 220:
Picture 2: A thoroughly renovated G
Page 221 and 222:
the same lifestyle or bodily concer
Page 223 and 224:
to the authorities. As soon as they
Page 225 and 226:
The Hierarchists Revolt: How Ruyter
Page 227 and 228:
“You see, if you want to live in
Page 229 and 230:
Arriviste Tactics: Muslims in the C
Page 231 and 232:
empty talk, a non-functional tactic
Page 233 and 234:
The End of the Upliftment as We Kne
Page 235 and 236:
at home, it is possible to show you
Page 237 and 238:
The social work has changed, and th
Page 239 and 240:
“I do not bother myself with them
Page 241 and 242:
understandable. As shown earlier, m
Page 243 and 244:
and regulated Ruyterwacht homes are
Page 245 and 246:
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES Before the
Page 247 and 248:
REDISTRIBUTION? At the end of the a
Page 249 and 250:
Opheffing. Upliftment. To ’uplift
Page 251 and 252:
APPENDIX 2: EGV IN 1940 Picture 4:
Page 253 and 254:
APPENDIX 3: TABLES Occupations whit
Page 255 and 256:
CODES/PRIMARY DOCUMENTS* 1 2 3 4 5
Page 257 and 258:
Bickford-Smith, V., van Heyningen,
Page 259 and 260:
De Certeau, Michel 2000. Ethno-Grap
Page 261 and 262:
Freund, Bill 1992. Introduction: Th
Page 263 and 264:
Horrell, Muriel (compiler) 1978. La
Page 265 and 266:
Mauss, Marcel 1979. Sociology and P
Page 267 and 268:
Russell, Diana E.H. 1997. Behind Cl
Page 269 and 270:
Worden, N., van Heyningen, E. and B
Page 271 and 272:
APPENDIX 5: INDEX WORDS ACVV 42-43,
Page 273 and 274:
Johannesburg 15, 27, 67, 101, 104,
Page 275 and 276:
275
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