CHEM02200704003 Nilamadhab Pandhy - Homi Bhabha National ...

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Chapter 1 1.3 Challenges in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing Fig. 1.1: Schematic of a typical PUREX process [28] Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant faces the same problems as associated with any other process industry. Moreover, the problems encountered in fuel reprocessing plant are more stringent due to radiological impacts such as presence of radioactivity, build-up of heavy isotopes, and contaminated equipments. The major problems associated with reprocessing are safety concerns, problems in selection of materials of construction, cost of fuel reprocessing, and radioactive disposal. Out of several critical issues, material challenges [1] are of utmost important for safe operation of fuel reprocessing plant as well as determining the overall plant life. The selection criteria of materials of construction for nuclear fuel reprocessing plant is a complicated procedure involving various parameters such as their availability, cost, mechanical properties and
Chapter 1 corrosion resistance etc. The demanding criteria are the presence of radiation, corrosive chemicals, and materials operating in these areas are difficult to access for maintenance. In these acute conditions materials have to perform for a prolonged period. Thus, development of high corrosion resistant materials with prolonged integrity is considered one of the challenging area for ensuring the safety, and economical operation of commercial reprocessing plants. 1.4 Overview of material selection and application Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant uses a verity of materials in different environments depending upon the circumstances prevailing, such as presence of radioactivity, corrosive chemicals, high temperature and areas where maintenance is restricted etc. Thus material selection is dictated by requirement of avoidance to radiation damage, their corrosion resistance, ability to decontaminate, availability and cost effectiveness. Hence, selection of the proper material as well as effective shielding design is most important in order to ensure adequate attenuation of the penetrating radiation. Corrosion is one of the most challenging issues, and a wide spread problem in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Corrosion problems arise at various stages of fuel reprocessing such as in dissolution of spent fuel, due to dissolver off gases, during solvent extraction, and during storage of waste generated from reprocessed spent fuel. Out of several materials used for application in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, austenitic stainless steel (300 series), titanium and its variants, and zirconium are used for construction of structural components as summarized below. 1.4.1 Austenitic stainless steel The nuclear fuel reprocessing plant uses vast quantity of austenitic stainless steel in the form of plates, tubes, forgings and other critical components. Over last three decades these materials are finding applications in plant as well as waste-storage vessels involving concentrated nitric acid. The choice is with respect to nature of process stream, hazard to radiation and
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Page 12 and 13: 6.2.3.2 Open circuit potential vs.
Page 14 and 15: eprocessing can be recovered, and c
Page 16 and 17: The ex-situ study of passive film w
Page 18 and 19: Fig.3.10: Schematic of electrical e
Page 20 and 21: Fig.6.11: Polarization study of unc
Page 22 and 23: AISI: American Institute of Steel I
Page 24 and 25: Chapter 1 C H A P T E R 1 Spent Nuc
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Page 30 and 31: Chapter 1 choice of zirconium is du
Page 32 and 33: C H A P T E R2
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 temperature, (c) higher i
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2 Chromium in excess of 12
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 2. 3 Effect of alloying e
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 The twins are identified
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 and at temperature around
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 of adsorption of oxygen o
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 transpassive dissolution
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 healing chromium oxide fi
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 their segregation to the
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 is intimately related to
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 in nature because the dis
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Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 various industrial applic
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 In the present investigat
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Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 necessary condition is th
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 3 Y m is the sputter yield.
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Fig. 3.7: Schematic of X-
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Chapter 3 rate of 10Å/min using 5
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Chapter 3 different doses of nitrog
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Chapter 3 The modulus of electroche
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Chapter 3 equivalent circuit as sho
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Chapter 3 reference electrode with
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Chapter 3 for understanding the pas
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C H A P T E R4
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Chapter 4 encountered by all materi
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Chapter 4 pitting, and intergranula
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Chapter 4 The ridged structure, and
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Chapter 4 nitric acid is that the b
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Chapter 4 Potential (V) Vs Ag/AgCl
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Chapter 4 4.2.3 In-situ electrochem
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Chapter 4 The surface morphologies
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Chapter 4 a b c d Opening up of gra
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Chapter 4 Intensity (Arbitrary unit
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Chapter 4 The chromium, and oxygen
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Chapter 4 Intensity (Arbitrary unit
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C H A P T E R5
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Chapter 5 elements, and often impar
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Chapter 5 5.2 Results and discussi
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Chapter 5 Presence of oxygen is due
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Chapter 5 was an increase in marten
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Chapter 5 formation of Cr 2 N was a
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Chapter 5 electrochemical environme
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Chapter 5 N + Dose E corr (mV vs. A
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Chapter 5 layer capacitance (C dl )
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Chapter 5 correlation between surfa
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Chapter 5 boundary dissolution was
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Chapter 6 C H A P T E R 6
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Chapter 6 193]. As a single phase c
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Chapter 6 particles range from 8×1
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Chapter 6 Results revealed that in
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Chapter 6 The change over from capa
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Chapter 6 The impedance parameters
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Chapter 6 Conc. Substrate condition
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Chapter 6 6.6a-d. The uncoated spec
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Chapter 6 (55.18°) respectively, w
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Chapter 6 OCP shifted in noble dire
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Chapter 6 The high phase angle over
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Chapter 6 Fig. 6.10d: Log f vs. Log
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Chapter 6 Fig. 6.11b: Polarization
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Chapter 6 Covalent aspect of lattic
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Chapter 6 As compared to uncoated s
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Chapter 6 6.2.3.2 Open circuit pote
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Chapter 6 Similarly, the plots for
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Chapter 6 for the duplex coating, a
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Chapter 6 Fig.6.16b: Polarization s
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Chapter 6 6.2.3.5 Morphological exa
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Chapter 7 C H A P T E R 7 The cha
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Chapter 7 1. Surface morphology exa
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Chapter 7 6 Duplex Ti-TiO 2 coated
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Chapter 7 EC-SPM study on effect
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[1] Baldev Raj, U. Kamachi Mudali,
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[37] G. Okamoto, T. Shibata, Corros
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[79] M. Moens, M. Van Craen, F.C. A
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[117] R.E.Williford, C.F.Windisch J
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[157] N. Mottu, M. Vayer, R. Erre,
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[197] M. Metikos Hukovic, M. Ceraj
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[19] H. H. Uhlig, Corros Sci, 19 (1
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[57] J. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack,
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[97] I. Betova, M. Bojinov, V. Kara
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[139] V. Ashworth, R. P. M. Procter
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[176] G. Frankel, G. Grundmeier, H.
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List of publications 1. Referred
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CHEM02200704003 Nilamadhab Pandhy - Homi Bhabha National ...

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