Guide for Community Assessments on Women's Health Care - ICRW

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A11. Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear Tests What is Cervical Cancer? Cervical cancer is the rapid, uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells on the cervix. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. If and when detected early, cervical cancer is curable. Cervical Cancer and HIV Women living with HIV are at greater risk of developing cervical cancer because HIV has suppressed their immune system. Women living with HIV tend to have multiple types of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) because as HIV progresses, the ability of the immune system to control the HPV infection is reduced. Higher levels of HPV can result in the development of HPV-related diseases such as cervical cancer. What Makes a Woman Vulnerable to Cervical Cancer? ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● Infection with a virus such as HPV Multiple sexual partners Engaging in sexual intercourse at an early age, especially be<strong>for</strong>e age 18 Smoking Sex with someone who have had sexual contact with a woman with cervical cancer The good news is that cervical cancer is preventable. It can be cured if it is diagnosed early. How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed? Cervical cancer can be detected with a Pap smear test, which evaluates the health of the cervix and screens <strong>for</strong> cervical cancer. The doctor or nurse scrapes a small sample of cervical cells and smears them onto a glass slide to be analyzed under a microscope. Abnormal cells sometimes will go back to normal on their own, but sometimes they continue to develop and, if left untreated, can develop into cancer. Why is a Pap Smear Test Important? If the Pap smear test detects cervical cancer, treatment can prevent the cancer from developing. Who Should Have the Pap Smear Test? All women should go <strong>for</strong> a Pap smear test three years after their first sexual intercourse, and then once per year. The test is free in public hospitals. 102 Annex A: Fact Sheets
What Should You Do Be<strong>for</strong>e the Test? ●● ●● ●● Do not have sexual intercourse in the 24 hours be<strong>for</strong>e your smear test. Sperm, spermicidal gel, and lubricants can make it difficult to get a good sample of cells. If you are treating any vaginal infection, wait <strong>for</strong> at least a week after treatment has finished. Make sure you in<strong>for</strong>m your doctor be<strong>for</strong>ehand. Do not use vaginal creams or apply any the day of your smear test. Do not use a tampon <strong>for</strong> at least two days be<strong>for</strong>e your smear test. Where Can You Get a Pap Smear Test? Most women have the test at their local public hospital and it is usually done by a nurse. Ensure consultations with your doctor to closely monitor and manage HIV and HPV infection. This includes regular visits to the doctor, monitoring of CD4 count and viral loads, and routine pap smears as recommended by the doctor. What are the Signs and Symptoms of Cervical Cancer? During the early treatable stages there are usually no signs or symptoms of the cervical cancer. As cervical cancer progresses, the following signs and symptoms will appear: ●● ●● Persistent vaginal discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink brown, blood streaked or dark and foul smelling. Abnormal bleeding after sex, or be<strong>for</strong>e and after menstruation. Annex A: Fact Sheets 103
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Guide for<
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Contents Preface ..................
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6 Guide fo
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Abbreviations ART ARV CA CD4 CBO CL
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Why was this Guide
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Community
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Community Assessme
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Step 2: Set Objectives Develop clea
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Step 5: Select the Field Sites It i
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There are other factors to consider
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The following tasks will be shared
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Checklist of Materials FLIPCHART PA
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Additional Activities ● ● COMMU
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Session 1: Introductions and Breaki
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Examples of Meeting Rules ●●
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➋ SUMMARIZE: Explain what was lea
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Preparation: ●● ●● Tape six
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Explain that we cannot make diagnos
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Steps: The first two steps are opti
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Service Providers and Type of Servi
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Session 5: Women’s Experience Usi
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Put up the four topic cards along t
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Session 7: Evaluation, Follow up an
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Additional Activity: Site Visit to
Page 52 and 53: General Informatio
Page 54 and 55: General Informatio
Page 56 and 57: ➌ WARM-UP AND INTRODUCTIONS (10 m
Page 58 and 59: Session 3: Problem Analysis and Pro
Page 60 and 61: Session 4: Questions and Answers Fa
Page 62 and 63: Pulling It All Together - The Round
Page 64 and 65: ●● ●● If you have to leave
Page 66 and 67: Active Listening - When participant
Page 68 and 69: Keep Objectives in Mind As the faci
Page 70 and 71: ●● Be clear with the translator
Page 72 and 73: 5. USE SMALL GROUPS TO BUILD PARTIC
Page 74 and 75: ●● ●● ●● ●● Keep a
Page 76 and 77: A n n e x A : Fact Sheets A1. HIV a
Page 78 and 79: HIV is not transmitted by: ●●
Page 80 and 81: A3. Condoms Male Condoms Rubber, Jo
Page 82 and 83: A4. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Page 84 and 85: Herpes cannot be cured, but there a
Page 86 and 87: Medicine for Treat
Page 88 and 89: Boils and abscesses. These are pain
Page 90 and 91: In places where live yogurt is avai
Page 92 and 93: A8. Human Rights and HIV Promoting
Page 94 and 95: A9. Pregnancy, Childbirth and Feedi
Page 96 and 97: A single drug (“monotherapy” -
Page 98 and 99: What Are the Causes of Gender-based
Page 100 and 101: What Can a Community</stron
Page 104 and 105: A n n e x B : Energizers You can us
Page 106 and 107: Affirmation Claps Unity Clap: Rub y
Page 108 and 109: Silhouette 1 108 Annex C: Silhouett
Page 114: Silhouette 7 114 Annex C: Silhouett
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Guide for Community Assessments on Women's Health Care - ICRW

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