Guide for Community Assessments on Women's Health Care - ICRW

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HIV is not transmitted by: ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● shaking hands or hugging. tears or sweat. sneezing or coughing. using other people’s cutlery, glasses, plates or bed linen. using a toilet. dogs, cats or insect bites. kissing or saliva. eating from the same plate. To prevent HIV infection, keep the following in mind: ●● ●● If you have sex with many partners or you are unsure of your partner’s sexual relations, always use or insist on a condom during sex. Protect yourself from contaminated bodily fluids. ● ● Women who are pregnant or intending to get pregnant should seek services to prevent motherto-child transmission of HIV to the unborn child. 78 Annex A: Fact Sheets
A2. Why Women are More Vulnerable to HIV than Men Socio-Economic Reasons <strong>for</strong> Women’s Vulnerability to HIV ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● ●● Fear of violence: Because they fear violent reactions from their partners, women find it difficult to negotiate safe sex and protect themselves against HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Women often fear they will be beaten if they refuse to have sex or ask their partner to use a condom, even if they know he has been having sex with other women or that he has HIV or STIs. Fear of violence also prevents women from getting treatment <strong>for</strong> STIs, increasing the risk that they will pass it on to their partner. Marriage: Many women are at risk because of their husbands’ high-risk sexual behavior. Even when women are faithful, their husbands may be having sex with other women, bringing HIV or STIs home. The wives cannot refuse sex, and they become infected with STIs or HIV as a result. Sexual violence: Forced sex causes bleeding and small internal cuts in the vagina that make it easier to get HIV. Sexually transmitted infections: Women’s partners often do not tell them they have STIs (or HIV) and continue to have unprotected sex. The women get the STIs, which produce sores or cuts in the skin, and subsequently make women more vulnerable to HIV. Cultural norms: Women are expected to have less sex during pregnancy or post-delivery, and their partners often are expected to have other sexual partners during this time. Poverty: Poor women may be <strong>for</strong>ced into sex work to survive, making them vulnerable to HIV infection and sexual violence. Biological Reasons <strong>for</strong> Women’s Vulnerability to HIV ● ● Women get HIV and other STIs during sex twice as easily as men. Semen has a higher concentration of HIV than vaginal fluids. The woman’s vagina has large areas of exposed and sensitive skin surfaces that can develop small tears during sexual intercourse. This allows HIV and other STIs to enter the woman’s bloodstream. Also, semen stays in the vagina after sex, increasing the risk of transmission. In contrast, the penis has a small surface area that is in contact with vaginal fluids <strong>for</strong> a shorter time, and men can more easily wash off vaginal fluids after sex. ●● ●● ●● Men usually know when they have an STI. With women, however, some STI symptoms do not appear, and other symptoms may be hidden in the vaginal canal. Women must depend on their husbands or partners to tell them they have an STI. This limits their ability to protect themselves against STIs, and having STIs increases their vulnerability to HIV. During labor or delivery, women often get vaginal cuts or lesions, making it easier <strong>for</strong> them to get HIV. Teenage girls, whose vaginal tissue is not fully mature, are more likely to develop lesions during intercourse, increasing their vulnerability to HIV. More attention should be given to addressing these particular vulnerabilities that women face. Annex A: Fact Sheets 79
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Guide for<
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Contents Preface ..................
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6 Guide fo
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Abbreviations ART ARV CA CD4 CBO CL
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Why was this Guide
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Community
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Community Assessme
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Step 2: Set Objectives Develop clea
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Step 5: Select the Field Sites It i
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There are other factors to consider
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The following tasks will be shared
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Checklist of Materials FLIPCHART PA
Page 28 and 29: Additional Activities ● ● COMMU
Page 30 and 31: Session 1: Introductions and Breaki
Page 32 and 33: Examples of Meeting Rules ●●
Page 34 and 35: ➋ SUMMARIZE: Explain what was lea
Page 36 and 37: Preparation: ●● ●● Tape six
Page 38 and 39: Explain that we cannot make diagnos
Page 40 and 41: Steps: The first two steps are opti
Page 42 and 43: Service Providers and Type of Servi
Page 44 and 45: Session 5: Women’s Experience Usi
Page 46 and 47: Put up the four topic cards along t
Page 48 and 49: Session 7: Evaluation, Follow up an
Page 50 and 51: Additional Activity: Site Visit to
Page 52 and 53: General Informatio
Page 54 and 55: General Informatio
Page 56 and 57: ➌ WARM-UP AND INTRODUCTIONS (10 m
Page 58 and 59: Session 3: Problem Analysis and Pro
Page 60 and 61: Session 4: Questions and Answers Fa
Page 62 and 63: Pulling It All Together - The Round
Page 64 and 65: ●● ●● If you have to leave
Page 66 and 67: Active Listening - When participant
Page 68 and 69: Keep Objectives in Mind As the faci
Page 70 and 71: ●● Be clear with the translator
Page 72 and 73: 5. USE SMALL GROUPS TO BUILD PARTIC
Page 74 and 75: ●● ●● ●● ●● Keep a
Page 76 and 77: A n n e x A : Fact Sheets A1. HIV a
Page 80 and 81: A3. Condoms Male Condoms Rubber, Jo
Page 82 and 83: A4. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Page 84 and 85: Herpes cannot be cured, but there a
Page 86 and 87: Medicine for Treat
Page 88 and 89: Boils and abscesses. These are pain
Page 90 and 91: In places where live yogurt is avai
Page 92 and 93: A8. Human Rights and HIV Promoting
Page 94 and 95: A9. Pregnancy, Childbirth and Feedi
Page 96 and 97: A single drug (“monotherapy” -
Page 98 and 99: What Are the Causes of Gender-based
Page 100 and 101: What Can a Community</stron
Page 102 and 103: A11. Cervical Cancer and Pap Smear
Page 104 and 105: A n n e x B : Energizers You can us
Page 106 and 107: Affirmation Claps Unity Clap: Rub y
Page 108 and 109: Silhouette 1 108 Annex C: Silhouett
Page 114: Silhouette 7 114 Annex C: Silhouett
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Guide for Community Assessments on Women's Health Care - ICRW

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