MISSING PIECES - Inter-Parliamentary Union

THEME 1
and Wales, 36 per cent of suicides among farmers involve guns, whereas
guns are used in only 4 per cent of suicides among non-farmers. 29 Information
from other settings is not available.
The risk of suicide increases significantly with age; those over the age of
60 have three times the suicide rate of those 15–29 years old. While rates are
similar for men and women early in life, by the age of 45, men commit suicide
at twice the rate of women, 30 although women are two to three times more
likely than men to make an attempt. There are no global statistics available
yet on suicide by method, but the gender discrepancy between attempts
and completion rates could be partly due to men’s overwhelming access to
and use of guns: in the US, men are almost eight times more likely than
women to complete a suicide with a gun (the rates were 11.07 per 100,000
for men and 1.39 per 100,000 for women in 2002). 31
A primary risk factor: The presence of a gun
Because of the particular lethality of guns and the relative ease of using them
compared to many other suicide methods, doctors and suicide counsellors
recommend that guns be removed from the environments of individuals
who are at risk of suicide—such as those suffering from depression or who
have recently had a traumatic experience, such as the loss of a loved one. 32
The WHO considers access to a firearm a significant independent risk factor
for suicide. 33 This is supported by research in the US indicating that the mere
presence of a gun in the home increases by a factor of five the risk that a
suicide will take place there. 34 Even more compelling, suicide is the leading
cause of death in the 12 months following a handgun purchase. 35
Measures to reduce gun suicide
While reducing access to guns might not reduce the number of attempted
suicides, it undoubtedly can reduce the rate of completed suicides, and thus
considerably reduce self-directed mortality. A number of steps can help
achieve this goal.
1. Institute mandatory waiting periods for gun licensing and/or gun purchase.
Among the measures adopted by Canada in the 1990s to regulate gun ownership
was a mandatory 28-day waiting period for a firearm certificate. Waiting
periods can limit access to the most lethal tool to commit suicide by those
who intend to kill themselves.
2. Screen small arms purchasers for serious mental illness. Many countries
restrict or prohibit small arms ownership for those with serious mental
illnesses that are associated with violence or self-harm. For these screening
mechanisms to be effective, however, background checks must be able to
access/check certain kinds of medical records. This is not yet routine.
3. Institute safe storage requirements. Requiring that guns be locked unloaded,
with the ammunition locked away separately, can prevent some of the most
tragic and preventable gun suicides—those committed by young people
with guns kept by their parents. In 2002, the Norwegian Armed Forces changed
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