Improving the identification, handling and storage of âdifficultâ seeds ...

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▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Lack of incentives to cultivate some species for example due to lack of market for some plant products Lack of information on in-situ conservation status of wild crop relatives Declining species diversity in non-protected areas Declining agro bio-diversity due to genetic erosion in-situ occasioned by factors such as abandonment of some traditional foods in favour of exotic ones Proposed solutions for in-situ conservation ▪ Farmer participatory storage trials/experiments aimed at promotion and improvement of indigenous seed storage and preservation practices ▪ Farmer seed training programmes and field days to improve the capacity of the farmers in seed propagation and general handling ▪ Appropriate seed technology transfer ▪ Post-harvest seed processing and handling studies ▪ Production of leaflets and other training materials on how to store, dry and propagate seeds of particular species of importance to the community ▪ Rural seed fairs ▪ Participatory germplasm characterization, regeneration and multiplication ▪ Establishment of community seed banks ▪ Inventory of species diversity ▪ Habitat enrichment of the protected areas Germplasm storage facilities (question 5.3) The National Genebank of Kenya is the only long-term conservation facility in the country. There are about 12 other facilities which offer short and medium term storage facilities. The Genebank has 2 cold storage cells each 75 cubic meters and have a storage capacity of 60,000 accessions. One runs at -20 0 C while the other one at +5 0 C. Currently, the Genebank holds over 47,400 accessions of various crop and plant species collected from various parts of the country. It also holds donations and duplicate collections from various parts of the world. During the first phase of the establishment of the Genebank, five cold stores were established in various agricultural research centres affiliated to the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). These were short/medium term storage facilities to provide breeding work with day to day working germplasm stocks. The Genebank maintains the same base collection from the above-mentioned KARI Centres. Besides conservation of crop germplasm, the Genebank targets other plant species with medicinal, socio-economics and cultural value. Duplicate collections of ICRISAT sorghum and millet, African mulberry and world Sesame collections are stored at GBK. Drying facilities/methods The Genebank has a dehumidified walk-in drying unit which runs at 20 o C and 18-20% RH. It has a handling capacity of about 200-300 seed accessions and is capable of drying the seeds to below 5% moisture content. The seeds are placed in labelled muslin cloth bags on the open racks of the drying room until the moisture content is likely to be in the range required for storage after the moisture content is determined. Those seeds that are found to have attained the required moisture content, i.e. 3-7%, are packaged and subsequently banked while the rest are put back in the drying unit for further drying. Measuring seed moisture status The National Genebank of Kenya has, over the years, used the traditional gravimetric method in measuring seed moisture content but this method is slow and wastes valuable genetic resources. However, over the last 3 years, GBK has adopted the measurement of equilibrium RH as an alternative method. Equilibrium RH measurement is currently being used for seed accessions with
inadequate seed numbers such as endemic species. Accessions with eRH of about 20% and less are considered to have attained required moisture levels for safe storage. Storage containers Once dried, seeds at GBK are stored in aluminium foil bags. Laminated foil packets are preferred by many genebanks because they occupy less space as compared to other plastic or metallic containers and provide hermetic properties if they are sealed properly. In addition, aluminium foil packets are easy to label and are cheap. Viability monitoring (question 5.5) The National Genebank of Kenya, having been in existence for more than a decade, is currently conducting viability monitoring of materials that have been in storage for 10 years or more. Collections whose viability has fallen below the conservation standards can be determined and regenerated as necessary. Regeneration is conducted for those accessions with a germination capacity of less than 85%. Viability at GBK is monitored by conducting a germination test on a fixed sample size. Species that demonstrate low germination Barleria acanthoides Kleinia kleinioides Becium angustifolium Celosia schweinfurthiana Felicia muricata Fuerstia africana Lannea triphylla Tarchonanthus camphoratus Leucas neuflizeana Lannea alata Vernonia brachycalyx Endostemon ctenoneurus Ozoroa obovata Heliotropium zeylanicum Hibiscus aponeurus Sorindeia madagascariensis Cordia sinensis Sida cordifolia Annona senegalensis Commiphora schimperi Malva verticillata Xylopia tettensis Maerua grantii Xylocarpus moluccensis Hunteria zeylanica Combretum sp. Turraea sp. Landolphia watsoniana Tetracera litoralis Pandanus kajui Aristolochia bracteolata Bridelia taitensis Sesamum latifolium Gomphocarpus stenophyllus Caesalpinia sp. Eleusine indica Vernonia anthelmintica Apodytes dimidiata Leptothrium senegalense Constraints (question 5.10) ▪ Poor germination due to seed dormancy ▪ Limited information on seed storage behaviour ▪ Unknown viability status of the conserved germplasm due to lack of capacity to conduct viability tests ▪ Inadequate seed samples for conservation and to support research. ▪ Low viability of collected and conserved germplasm ▪ Limited collections available for utilization in research programmes ▪ Inadequate information on geographic and taxa coverage ▪ Inadequate diversity in ex-situ collections ▪ Inadequate information on the diversity of the conserved germplasm ▪ Lack of information on the potential value of the conserved germplasm hence limiting its use by interested users such as plant breeders. ▪ Inadequate documentation of the working collections ▪ Inadequate dissemination of the information on conserved germplasm ▪ Intolerance to desiccation and/or freezing ▪ Non-seed producing species (Vegetatively propagated)
Page 1 and 2: Improving the identification, handl
Page 3 and 4: Improving the identification, handl
Page 5 and 6: 1. Project background Supported by
Page 7 and 8: 1.2. Workshop programme The worksho
Page 9 and 10: 1.3. FAO presentation International
Page 11 and 12: Activity Areas on Institutions and
Page 13 and 14: Through the Seed and Plant Genetic
Page 15 and 16: GSPC /ITPGRFA). Purpose: improved i
Page 17 and 18: Orthodox but dormant Although less
Page 19 and 20: 2. Country report summaries Support
Page 21 and 22: 2.2. BOTSWANA presentation Botswana
Page 23 and 24: ecently released a biodiversity str
Page 25 and 26: follows: ▪ Selection of good seed
Page 27 and 28: - Low Constant temperature oven met
Page 29 and 30: ▪ ▪ ▪ Blotting paper in Petri
Page 31: The second problem associated with
Page 35 and 36: 2.7. LESOTHO presentation Lesotho N
Page 37 and 38: 2.8. LIBYA presentation The Nationa
Page 39 and 40: 2.9. MALAWI presentation Malawi Pla
Page 41 and 42: Species that demonstrate low levels
Page 43 and 44: 2.10. MOZAMBIQUE presentation Agric
Page 45 and 46: Measuring seed moisture status ▪
Page 47 and 48: 2.13. SEYCHELLES presentation Minis
Page 49 and 50: Crops to be considered for conserva
Page 51 and 52: Drying facilities/methods The proto
Page 53 and 54: 2.14. SOUTH AFRICA presentation Sou
Page 55 and 56: Legume forages Grass forages back,
Page 57 and 58: which the viability seemed to be de
Page 59 and 60: amount of moisture in that sample.
Page 61 and 62: ▪ Encourage and promote the conse
Page 63 and 64: efore the NPGRC acquired storage fa
Page 65 and 66: perennial wetland, as the field gen
Page 67 and 68: 3. Other stakeholders’ presentati
Page 69 and 70: IPGRI’s Vision People today and i
Page 71 and 72: ▪ ▪ ▪ Mali - Traditional seed
Page 73 and 74: ▪ Support services - development
Page 75 and 76: 3.3. SPGRC presentation Gene Bank M
Page 77 and 78: ▪ To fully operationalize SPGRC h
Page 79 and 80: ▪ have achieved the desk study an
Page 81 and 82: Mexican marigold and leaves of neem
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4. RBG Kew species analysis Support
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Table 1. Families with greatest num
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Table 5. Completed tests and propor
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investigated were found to be recal
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5.1. Format of group sessions Outpu
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2. Most urgent training needs Main
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5.3. GROUP 2 report Group members
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Top 5 equipment needs for group:
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esculentus Lycopersicon ▪ problem
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▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
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▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Ethiopia - hygromet
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6. Plenary Supported by Also suppor
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- South Africa - direct new project
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7. Annexe Supported by Also support
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Mr. José de Menezes Ministry of Ag
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7.2. Questionnaires (for reports) T
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7.3. List of “difficult to conser
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EBENACEAE Euclea undulate Improveme
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POACEAE Sorghum bicolor Low viabili
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Improving the identification, handling and storage of âdifficultâ seeds ...