Improving the identification, handling and storage of âdifficultâ seeds ...

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4. RBG Kew species analysis Improving the identification, handling and storage of “difficult” seeds: Species Analysis Ms. Vanessa Bertenshaw Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Abstract In order to get some idea of the extent to which “difficult” species cause problems for gene banks, we analyzed several databases to produce a combined list of 768 species. 80% of these species produced desiccation-tolerant (‘orthodox’) seeds. A further 15% are probably orthodox but may need further investigation. Only 5% are definitely or likely desiccation-intolerant (‘recalcitrant’) species. Several species from the Poaceae family present difficulties due to dormancy. Relative longevity values for 39 ITPGRFA Annexe 1 species are presented. What do we mean by “difficult” seeds? ▪ Inherently difficult - recalcitrant or intermediate seeds - orthodox but dormant - orthodox but short-lived ▪ “Difficult” due to poor handling/storage - immature orthodox seeds dried too rapidly - orthodox seeds insufficiently dried prior to storage and/or stored under poor conditions - Seeds that have been damaged by insects (on-farm storage) The purpose of the study was to highlight species that were truly difficult because of storage behaviour, germination requirements or inherently short storage potential, and distinguish them from species which are “difficult” because they have been poorly handled. Data sets analysed for “difficult” species ▪ Species listed in Annexe 1 of the ITPGRFA (www.fao.org/ag/cgrfa) ▪ Tropical Forages list (www.tropicalforages.info) ▪ A list of underutilized species (Padulosi, 1998) ▪ A list of leafy vegetables (Sheela et al, 2004) ▪ Groundnuts, onions and tomatoes stored by CENARGEN at Embrapa genebank (www.cenargen.embrapa.br) The combined species list represents 768 species from a total of 97 families. The families with the highest numbers of species included in the study are shown in Table 1. Of note are the Leguminosae-Papilionoideae and Poaceae families with 210 and 143 species, respectively, in the list.
Table 1. Families with greatest numbers of species represented in combined list Family Number of Species Family Number of Species AMARANTHACEAE 10 LEGUMINOSAE- ANACARDIACEAE 11 CAESALPINIOIDEAE 13 CHENOPODIACEAE 13 LEGUMINOSAE- COMPOSITAE 23 MIMOSOIDEAE 32 CRUCIFERAE 30 LEGUMINOSAE- CUCURBITACEAE 18 PAPILIONOIDEAE 201 POACEAE 143 ROSACEAE 16 LABIATAE 30 SOLANACEAE 20 UMBELLIFERAE 14 Ex-situ holdings of combined list species: The combined species list was also cross-referenced to an ex-situ collection database of plant genetic resources holdings at national, regional and international genebanks in Africa. The database used was provided by the World Information and Early Warning System (WIEWS) on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA), established by FAO (http://apps3.fao.org/wiews/wiews.jsp). A total of 439 species from the combined species list are held by African genebanks. 211 genera and 53 families are represented, (Table 2). In all, a total of 386774 accessions of species from the list are held at 155 organisations in 38 countries. Table 2. Accessions of species from the combined list held by African genebanks, sorted by family Family Accessions Family Accessions ALLIACEAE 1001 LEGUMINOSAE-PAPILIONOIDEAE 76258 AMARANTHACEAE 1239 LINACEAE 3121 ANACARDIACEAE 2502 LYTHRACEAE 15 ANNONACEAE 26 MALVACEAE 2045 APOCYNACEAE 2 MORACEAE 92 ARACEAE 172 MUSACEAE 1727 ASPARAGACEAE 36 MYRTACEAE 329 BALANITACEAE 22 OLEACEAE 36 BASELLACEAE 29 OXALIDACEAE 13 BOMBACACEAE 12 PALMAE 662 BURSERACEAE 61 PASSIFLORACEAE 7 CAPPARACEAE 58 PEDALIACEAE 1769 CHENOPODIACEAE 152 POLYGONACEAE 32 COMPOSITAE 1349 PORTULACACEAE 1 CONVOLVULACEAE 2 RANUNCULACEAE 25 CRUCIFERAE 2871 RHAMNACEAE 24 CUCURBITACEAE 890 ROSACEAE 546 CYPERACEAE 2 RUBIACEAE 1 DIOSCOREACEAE 2671 RUTACEAE 542 EUPHORBIACEAE 8689 SAPINDACEAE 34 GRAMINEAE 120595 SOLANACEAE 4445 GUTTIFERAE 1 STERCULIACEAE 131 IRVINGIACEAE 53 TILIACEAE 206 JUGLANDACEAE 9 UMBELLIFERAE 89 LABIATAE 3 VITACEAE 66 LEGUMINOSAE-CAESALPINIOIDEAE 91 ZINGIBERACEAE 37 LEGUMINOSAE-MIMOSOIDEAE 921 Total no of families 53 Total no of genera 211 Total no of species 439
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1. Project background Supported by
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1.2. Workshop programme The worksho
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1.3. FAO presentation International
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Activity Areas on Institutions and
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Through the Seed and Plant Genetic
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GSPC /ITPGRFA). Purpose: improved i
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Orthodox but dormant Although less
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2. Country report summaries Support
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2.2. BOTSWANA presentation Botswana
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ecently released a biodiversity str
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follows: ▪ Selection of good seed
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- Low Constant temperature oven met
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▪ ▪ ▪ Blotting paper in Petri
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The second problem associated with
Page 33 and 34: inadequate seed numbers such as end
Page 35 and 36: 2.7. LESOTHO presentation Lesotho N
Page 37 and 38: 2.8. LIBYA presentation The Nationa
Page 39 and 40: 2.9. MALAWI presentation Malawi Pla
Page 41 and 42: Species that demonstrate low levels
Page 43 and 44: 2.10. MOZAMBIQUE presentation Agric
Page 45 and 46: Measuring seed moisture status ▪
Page 47 and 48: 2.13. SEYCHELLES presentation Minis
Page 49 and 50: Crops to be considered for conserva
Page 51 and 52: Drying facilities/methods The proto
Page 53 and 54: 2.14. SOUTH AFRICA presentation Sou
Page 55 and 56: Legume forages Grass forages back,
Page 57 and 58: which the viability seemed to be de
Page 59 and 60: amount of moisture in that sample.
Page 61 and 62: ▪ Encourage and promote the conse
Page 63 and 64: efore the NPGRC acquired storage fa
Page 65 and 66: perennial wetland, as the field gen
Page 67 and 68: 3. Other stakeholders’ presentati
Page 69 and 70: IPGRI’s Vision People today and i
Page 71 and 72: ▪ ▪ ▪ Mali - Traditional seed
Page 73 and 74: ▪ Support services - development
Page 75 and 76: 3.3. SPGRC presentation Gene Bank M
Page 77 and 78: ▪ To fully operationalize SPGRC h
Page 79 and 80: ▪ have achieved the desk study an
Page 81 and 82: Mexican marigold and leaves of neem
Page 83: 4. RBG Kew species analysis Support
Page 87 and 88: Table 5. Completed tests and propor
Page 89 and 90: investigated were found to be recal
Page 91 and 92: 5.1. Format of group sessions Outpu
Page 93 and 94: 2. Most urgent training needs Main
Page 95 and 96: 5.3. GROUP 2 report Group members
Page 97 and 98: Top 5 equipment needs for group:
Page 99 and 100: esculentus Lycopersicon ▪ problem
Page 101 and 102: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪
Page 103 and 104: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Ethiopia - hygromet
Page 105 and 106: 6. Plenary Supported by Also suppor
Page 107 and 108: - South Africa - direct new project
Page 109 and 110: 7. Annexe Supported by Also support
Page 111 and 112: Mr. José de Menezes Ministry of Ag
Page 113 and 114: 7.2. Questionnaires (for reports) T
Page 115 and 116: 7.3. List of “difficult to conser
Page 117 and 118: EBENACEAE Euclea undulate Improveme
Page 119 and 120: POACEAE Sorghum bicolor Low viabili
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