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CHAPTER 11:
SOCIAL JUSTICE
From a liberal standpoint, social justice means
that the law treats everyone the same and that
the law protects everyone’s basic human rights.
Laws do not discriminate among individuals, and everyone
has an equal opportunity under the law. The term
most often refers to inequities among different classes of
people, typically groups defined by their gender or ethnicity.
However, advocates of social justice often extend
the concept beyond this procedural view of justice to look
at outcomes and to judge people as members of groups
rather than as individuals. Proponents of this view argue
that there is injustice if some groups, on average, have
outcomes worse than those of other groups.
When equality of outcome is the goal, and when people
are judged as members of groups rather than as individuals,
social justice advocates see a role for the government
to intervene to engage in transfers from some groups to
others. Sometimes the transfers are of resources, but often
they are transfers of opportunity, such as creating preferences
for some groups over others or creating quotas for
groups that advocates view as oppressed. When public
policy pursues this outcome-based and group-based view
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