Zimbabwe - Overseas Development Institute

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sometimes on questionable assumptions and guesses. Thus, as the 1987 World Bank study of Zimbabwean i n d u s t r y s t a t e s , the DRC scores should be used with a great deal of caution''' . Table 9 International Competitiveness of Manufacturing Industry DRC Calculations, 1982 and 1986 Sub- DRC Measures for 1982 DRCs for 1986 Sector General With Range 25% of Values Deval . Found 1 0.88 0.70 0.53 to 1.65 2 0.88 0.70 0.61 to 1.84 3 1.28 1.02 0.75 to 2.45 0.89 to 1.14 4 1.05 0.84 0.89 to 2.20 5 1.33 1.06 not available 6 1.87 1.49 1.12 to 5.59 7 0.94 0.75 0.38 to 2.44 0.28 to 0.911 8 0.98 0.78 0.82 to 2.02 9 2.41 1.93 0.40 to 5.49 0.58 (for steel)2 10 1.27 1.02 0.82 to 3.40 Total 1.27 1.02 Manufacturing Notes: 1. This was for f e r t i l i z e r firms whose DRCs for 1982 were recorded in the range 0.65 to 1.00. 2. The 1982 DRC for steel was calculated at 4.4; however, the method of calculation differed in the two studies. Source: Jansen (1983, Vol.11:84) and IBRD (1987). A f u r t h e r i n d i c a t o r of i n t e r n a t i o n a l competitiveness comes from a v a i l a b l e d i r e c t i o n of export s t a t i s t i c s . These not only reveal increased competitiveness achieved during the UDI period but also some s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t s i n export d e s t i n a t i o n s . Whereas i n the two year period 1964 and 1965, 92% of a l l Zimbabwe's manufactured exports"« went to e i t h e r South A f r i c a or the Southern A f r i c a n Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) countries, i n the period 1981 to 1983, only 43% of a l l manufactured exports went to Zimbabwe's southern A f r i c a n neighbours. In l a t e 1987 comprehensive trade data by seven d i g i t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r each country d e s t i n a t i o n were made a v a i l a b l e f o r the years 1984, 1985 and 1986 enabling a f a r greater depth of a n a l y s i s of manufacturing exports than has been p o s s i b l e f o r any year since 1964. In aggregate these data confirm the UDI trends j u s t mentioned. In 1984, only 41% of a l l manufactured exports went to countries i n southern A f r i c a , f a l l i n g to 34% by 1986. I f a l l exports of cotton l i n t , ferro-chrome and s t e e l products are excluded, dependence on southern A f r i c a n markets increases
s i g n i f i c a n t l y although the reduction i n dependence i s c l e a r l y observable over recent years. Whereas i n 1984, 69% of a l l such exports went to southern A f r i c a n countries, t h i s r a t i o had dropped to 61% by 1986. As the data i n Tables 10 and 11 i n d i c a t e , the most important changes observable i n recent years have been the decrease i n dependence upon South A f r i c a as a d e s t i n a t i o n f o r manufactured exports (estimated to be taking about 32% of t o t a l manufactured exports i n 1980, with the exclusion of cotton l i n f ' ' ) and the s i g n i f i c a n t r i s e i n the share of n o n - t r a d i t i o n a l manufactured exports being s o l d to d e s t i n a t i o n s outside A f r i c a . Table 10 Manufactured Exports by Area of Destination, 1980, 1984 and 1986, $ mn. Market Total Manufactured Total Manufactured Exports Exports less cotton l i n t , ferro-chrome and steel 1984 % 1986 % 1984 % 198( % South Africa 137.4 23 101.7 14 82.3 30 65. .1 20 SADCC 114.5 19 144.6 20 106.9 39 134, .9 41 Other Africa 23.6 4 32.7 4 22.3 8 19, .3 6 Non-African 318.6 54 462.0 62 63.3 23 112, .9 34 Total 594.1 100 741.0 100 274.8 100 332 .2 100 Total Manufactured Exports: Less Cotton l i n t Less Cotton Lint and ferrochrome 1980 % 1984 % 1986 % 1980 % 1984 % 1986 % S Africa 93.7 32 100.7 21 69.4 11 89.2 41 97.5 30 65.6 16 SADCC 114.5 24 144.6 24 114.5 35 144.4 36 Other Af. 23.6 5 32.7 5 23.3 7 32.4 8 Non Af. 240.0 50 363.8 60 88.8 27 158.1 40 Total 288.9 100 478.8 100 610.5 100 218.7 100 324.1 100 400.5 100 Source: "Domestic Exports Valued FOR by Item/Country", CSO, Harare, 1988 (mimeo) and Riddell (1981b).
Page 1 and 2: WORKING PAPER 25 INDUSTRIALISATION
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCT
Page 5 and 6: FIGURES 1. Ratio of Manufacturing V
Page 7 and 8: manufacturing i n d u s t r y devel
Page 9 and 10: sub-sector (9), Metals and Metal Pr
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3. Manufacturing Volume Inde
Page 13 and 14: i n v o l v e an i n c r e a s i n
Page 15 and 16: involve an i n c r e a s i n g net
Page 17 and 18: and 2, above, the f i r s t ten yea
Page 19 and 20: Figure 5. Sources of Growth 1952/3
Page 21 and 22: predominant source of growth has l
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1952/53 to 1982/3. o. 0 0 0
Page 25 and 26: period 1952/53 to 1982/83, Foodstuf
Page 27 and 28: i-iz Additionally, i t i s also imp
Page 29 and 30: Foodstuffs ( l ) t o a high of 60%
Page 31: P r o t e c t i o n C o e f f i c i
Page 35 and 36: While these successes deserve due r
Page 37 and 38: marginal) r i s e i n the 1966 to 1
Page 39 and 40: drop i n imports required by the ma
Page 41 and 42: Beyond these measures, however, per
Page 43 and 44: The main d i f f i c u l t i e s f
Page 45 and 46: of a year or two, p r o d u c t i v
Page 47 and 48: i n Malawi^1, which produces implem
Page 49 and 50: emoving exchange c o n t r o l s ,
Page 51 and 52: f e r e n t i a l s and hence the d
Page 53 and 54: Figure 13. Index of Industrial Prod
Page 55 and 56: s u b s t a n t i a l export expans
Page 57 and 58: paid for by higher domestic food p
Page 59 and 60: f u r t h e r capacity so to expand
Page 61 and 62: p r i o r n o t i f i c a t i o n ,
Page 63 and 64: increase throughput and i n s t a l
Page 65 and 66: V. AGRO-INDUSTRIAL LINKAGES 5.1 Mac
Page 67 and 68: F i n a l l y the data from Figure
Page 69 and 70: mn, compared with $310 mn used by s
Page 71 and 72: paper and packaging (1%); f e r t i
Page 73 and 74: 6% f o r cotton. With the greater a
Page 75 and 76: y the a g r i c u l t u r a l secto
Page 77 and 78: VI. COMCLUSIONS 6.1 Some Missing El
Page 79 and 80: o v e r a l l , 34% of a l l the in
Page 81 and 82: In s p i t e of f o r e i g n excha
Page 83 and 84:
(1986b:62-63). 7. S t r i c t l y s
Page 85 and 86:
low f o r manufactured imports both
Page 87 and 88:
29. As gross output data f o r i r
Page 89 and 90:
43. Regrettably the a v a i l a b l
Page 91 and 92:
l e v e l s that both replacement i
Page 93 and 94:
i n such a c t i v i t i e s , Zimb
Page 95 and 96:
94. In 1938/39, t o t a l food expo
Page 97 and 98:
the l u c r a t i v e European (mos
Page 99 and 100:
h i g h l i g h t e d the divergenc
Page 101 and 102:
Clarke, D.G. (1980) Foreign Compani
Page 103:
R i d d e l l , R.C. {1981a) "Zimba
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Zimbabwe - Overseas Development Institute

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