Zimbabwe - Overseas Development Institute

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In 1986, 34% of n o n - t r a d i t i o n a l manufactured exports went to non- A f r i c a n countries compared with 23% i n 1984 and f o r f i v e manufacturing sub-sectors over 40% of a l l manufactured exports were sold outside A f r i c a . Table 11 Manufactured Exports by Industrial Sub-Sector and Destination Percentage Export by Respective Destination South SADCC Other Non- Total Exports Africa African African 3 million 1980, 1984 and 1986, $ million- Subsctr •80 '84 '86 '84 '86 '84 '86 '84 '86 1980 1984 1985 1 37 16 12 33 34 22 9 29 45 6.8 70.4 98.5 2 73 83 69 6 6 3 10 8 15 5.6 3.5 2.8 3 — 33 22 9 8 - - 58 70 — 154.5 179.7 3* 58 36 14 37 38 - 1 27 46 10.7 39.2 49.2 4 93 55 36 12 15 1 1 32 48 15.4 20.5 28.9 5 86 60 43 30 41 5 4 5 12 8.8 11.8 9.1 6 56 7 14 80 76 1 3 12 7 1.2 8.6 6.7 7 26 8 9 78 77 2 4 12 10 1.8 31.2 30.5 8 15 54 4 40 75 5 3 1 18 0.6 10.0 11.5 9 — 14 6 11 11 2 5 73 78 — 248.3 324.3 9** 27 34 12 16 30 4 14 46 44 23.8 93.6 114.3 10 61 14 5 66 67 20 27 0 1 9.4 10.4 16.2 11 90 31 32 6 4 1 1 62 63 5.1 25.0 32.2 Note : * Sub-sector 3 with cotton l i n t export data omitted; ** Sub-sector 9 with ferro-chrome exports omitted. Source: As for Table 10.
While these successes deserve due r e c o g n i t i o n , i t i s equally important to h i g h l i g h t some of the c o n s t r a i n t s impeding f u r t h e r export expansion. C l e a r l y one major b a r r i e r to increased overseas competitiveness i s c a p i t a l and machinery shortages which were h i g h l i g h t e d i n a survey conducted f o r the UNIDO study i n 1985. These r e s u l t s show that whereas 90% of manufacturers maintained that they had adequate plant to manufacture goods for the domestic market, only 54% stated they had adequate plant to export to South A f r i c a and only 30% f o r the overseas market (UNIDO, 1986b:281-282)''8 . 2.6 Trends i n Value Added A f i n a l i n d i c a t i o n of the strength of the manufacturing sector can be obtained from examining trends i n the MVA to gross output r a t i o and i n the constant p r i c e value added per employee. In general, i f these r a t i o s r i s e over time t h i s i s u s u a l l y a sign of i n c r e a s i n g i n d u s t r i a l strength; f o r <strong>Zimbabwe</strong> they are of p a r t i c u l a r importance because, during both the UDI and post- Independence period, the manufacturing sector has suffered from a severe shortage of f o r e i g n exchange required for replacement and expanded c a p i t a l investment"'. Figure 11. Manufactured Value Added Per Employee at Fixed (GNI) Prices, A l l Sectors. 1 - 0 — I 1—I—1 1—I—I 1—I 1—I—I 1—I—I 1—;—1 1—I 1 — I — 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 B2 83 Time pe/ic?d in Yeor3 • Usirvg GNI Deflator Source: Census of Production and Digest of Statistics (various years) .
Page 1 and 2: WORKING PAPER 25 INDUSTRIALISATION
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCT
Page 5 and 6: FIGURES 1. Ratio of Manufacturing V
Page 7 and 8: manufacturing i n d u s t r y devel
Page 9 and 10: sub-sector (9), Metals and Metal Pr
Page 11 and 12: Figure 3. Manufacturing Volume Inde
Page 13 and 14: i n v o l v e an i n c r e a s i n
Page 15 and 16: involve an i n c r e a s i n g net
Page 17 and 18: and 2, above, the f i r s t ten yea
Page 19 and 20: Figure 5. Sources of Growth 1952/3
Page 21 and 22: predominant source of growth has l
Page 23 and 24: Figure 1952/53 to 1982/3. o. 0 0 0
Page 25 and 26: period 1952/53 to 1982/83, Foodstuf
Page 27 and 28: i-iz Additionally, i t i s also imp
Page 29 and 30: Foodstuffs ( l ) t o a high of 60%
Page 31 and 32: P r o t e c t i o n C o e f f i c i
Page 33: s i g n i f i c a n t l y although
Page 37 and 38: marginal) r i s e i n the 1966 to 1
Page 39 and 40: drop i n imports required by the ma
Page 41 and 42: Beyond these measures, however, per
Page 43 and 44: The main d i f f i c u l t i e s f
Page 45 and 46: of a year or two, p r o d u c t i v
Page 47 and 48: i n Malawi^1, which produces implem
Page 49 and 50: emoving exchange c o n t r o l s ,
Page 51 and 52: f e r e n t i a l s and hence the d
Page 53 and 54: Figure 13. Index of Industrial Prod
Page 55 and 56: s u b s t a n t i a l export expans
Page 57 and 58: paid for by higher domestic food p
Page 59 and 60: f u r t h e r capacity so to expand
Page 61 and 62: p r i o r n o t i f i c a t i o n ,
Page 63 and 64: increase throughput and i n s t a l
Page 65 and 66: V. AGRO-INDUSTRIAL LINKAGES 5.1 Mac
Page 67 and 68: F i n a l l y the data from Figure
Page 69 and 70: mn, compared with $310 mn used by s
Page 71 and 72: paper and packaging (1%); f e r t i
Page 73 and 74: 6% f o r cotton. With the greater a
Page 75 and 76: y the a g r i c u l t u r a l secto
Page 77 and 78: VI. COMCLUSIONS 6.1 Some Missing El
Page 79 and 80: o v e r a l l , 34% of a l l the in
Page 81 and 82: In s p i t e of f o r e i g n excha
Page 83 and 84: (1986b:62-63). 7. S t r i c t l y s
Page 85 and 86:
low f o r manufactured imports both
Page 87 and 88:
29. As gross output data f o r i r
Page 89 and 90:
43. Regrettably the a v a i l a b l
Page 91 and 92:
l e v e l s that both replacement i
Page 93 and 94:
i n such a c t i v i t i e s , Zimb
Page 95 and 96:
94. In 1938/39, t o t a l food expo
Page 97 and 98:
the l u c r a t i v e European (mos
Page 99 and 100:
h i g h l i g h t e d the divergenc
Page 101 and 102:
Clarke, D.G. (1980) Foreign Compani
Page 103:
R i d d e l l , R.C. {1981a) "Zimba
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Zimbabwe - Overseas Development Institute

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