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Presentation
Culture and Development Strategy in the Post-MDGs Era
Kwak, Jae Sung
Graduate School of Pan-Pacific International Studies, Kyunghee University
I. Introduction
The traditional cultures of developing countries have long been considered developmental
“constraints” or “relaxation.” Since the 1970s, however, there have been growing movements
primarily in Africa and Latin America to emphasize the traditional ways of life, place value
on indigenous cultures and languages, and bring new life to the economy-centric
development model. In particular, the Declaration of the World Cultural Policies of 1982
served as an opportunity for culture to be reestablished as a concept that encompasses social
organizations, values, and belief systems. It also started drawing attention to culture as a
useful tool in defining the identity of groups and their relationship to economic and social
development. With sustainable development rapidly gaining importance starting in the late
1980s, it became essential 1 to understand the value of cultural factors and cultural heritage
for a balanced social and economic development. Held in 2012, the Rio+20 Summit also
reached an agreement: “Green growth policies for sustainable development and poverty
eradication should preserve the identity and cultural heritage of indigenous people and local
communities to improve their levels of welfare.”
Nevertheless, these “cultural” elements have not yet been developed into a highly
institutionalized global discourse, unlike the issue of “environment and climate change” that
has successfully built an independent system of global governance―through the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and other institutional
frames―after being highlighted as a shared challenge for the world through the publication
of Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) in 1987 and the Declaration on Environment
and Development at the Rio Summit in 1992 2 . In other words, while the international
community has successfully incorporated the importance of a socio-cultural approach into the
1 Blake, Janet (2012). "Historical significance of the 2003 UNESCO Convention: Why intangible heritage
becomes a global issue," 2012 International Conference for the Protection of Intangible Heritage: Creative
Values of Intangible Heritage and Sustainable Development. 5 October 2012. p. 167.
2 The key driving force for building a global governance system on environmental and climate change issues
has been their characteristics as challenge and opportunity (“crisis and greedy”). Environmental issues have
created the sense of crisis that these issues may result in a common crisis for humanity as a whole, while
providing unlimited business opportunities such as environmental business and CDM. Therefore, environmental
discourse can be very easily turned into global issues.