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Continuation of poverty is due to such irrational choices arising from weak self-control.
Cognitive control acts to bring attention to important goals and restricts automatic behaviors.
Poverty forces a trade-off between priorities, thereby making it more difficult to make
rational decisions. Poor people who make a “trade-off decision” often choose pleasureseeking
consumption for immediate satisfaction rather than education, which is in their best
interest in the long run. To poor people, consumption decisions are always difficult and this
“difficulty” reduces cognitive control.
The reason why self-control matters is because people's higher-order goals that offer longrun
benefits conflict with their lower-order goals offering immediate rewards (Fishbach &
Trope, 2007). The problem with self-control can be seen as a type of motivational conflict.
People need to take counteractive control over temptations to achieve long-term benefits
(Fishbach & Trope, 2005). That is, self-control relates to the construal process of whether
present benefits can be sacrificed for future benefits.
3) Self-Control and Construal Level Theory
The success or failure in exerting self-control is explained in more detail by the construal
level theory (Trope & Liberman, 1998). The construal level theory addresses the individual
cognitive system. According to the theory, people construe things differently based on the
psychological distance, which has an impact on how people approach problems or make
decisions. Events with close psychological distance are low-level construals that emphasize
concrete, incidental, contextual, and instrumental aspects. In contrast, events with far
psychological distance are high-level construals which focus on abstract, decontextualized,
and essential aspects.
Low-Level Construals
(Close Psychological Distance)
Concrete
Incidental
Contextual
Instrumental (the “how” aspect of behavior)
High-Level Construals
(Far Psychological Distance )
Abstract
Essential
General
Decontextualized (the “why” aspect of behavior)
(Table) A comparison of high-level construals and low-level construals (Trope & Liberman, 2003)
Among people who successfully exercise self-control, tacit self-control automatically
occurs in the face of a self-control dilemma (Fishbach et al., 2003). When there is a conflict
between goals (when there is a self-control conflict), important goals (high-level goals) get
automatically activated by the temptation (low-level goals), and an asymmetrical activation