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Third, despite the overwhelming support of the member states for the Cultural Diversity
Convention at the UNESCO General Assembly in 2005, developed countries and a vast
majority of donor states have expressed their dissatisfaction with the Convention. In
particular, the United States, which aggressively promotes the export of its massive cultural
capital, is opposed to the screen quota and other such methods countries use to protect their
domestic cultural industries.
Furthermore, the West has a tendency to confront non-aligned nations (the so-called “G-77”
that hold anti-American and anti-Western stances in the international arena. Unlike
diplomatic rhetoric, the discourse on “cultural diversity” has had little impact in actual
international development cooperation. In a world divided into the “mainstream” cultures and
the “fringe,” or the powerful nations and the weak, the mainstream or powerful countries tend
to be uncomfortable with the notion of cultural diversity.
As explained above, culture has an institutional limit in establishing itself as an
independent sector of development. Nonetheless, culture has been commercialized in both its
tangible and intangible forms, and as indicated in the aforementioned classification by
Throsby, already serves a function as a sector of development whose economic value or CID
can be identified. In fact, while culture is not a sector in the grand classification per se, it is
often dealt as a subcategory under themes such as environment or sustainable development 7 .
Culture has the potential to be established as a sector in the future if it can change public
perception and increase awareness, and reach a consensus among participants. In this sense,
any debate as to whether culture constitutes a sector of development at this current time is
pointless and unproductive, as it may only be a matter of time and perception. A more
realistic choice of action in the discourse on culture and development would be to recognize
that culture is an integral part of the overall factors of development, and to identify and
develop the meaning and message culture symbolizes into a theory.
III. Strategic Approaches to Presenting Culture as a Cross-Cutting Issue
7 In Finland, the Ministry of Education and Culture published documents on the importance of culture, but
culture is still left out in the classification of international development sectors set out by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. (Culture in development cooperation: Cultural Sectors in sustainable development policy,
Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland. 2011; Finland’s Development Cooperation, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, 2010 (http://formin.finland.fi/public/download.aspx?ID=79042&GUID={8C33442F-3CF4-4F46-83A3-
83DC841A1B67})