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alignment; and (c) increased awareness of the recipient country that culture is a variable for ensuring political, social, economic, and ecological sustainability as well as for fighting poverty. It is advisable to go beyond the conventional method of international development cooperation, which goes according to area and sector, and instead aim to “build a sustainable ecosystem” in recipient regions. For this purpose, it is vital to: (a) create/maintain basic infrastructure; (b) routinize capability-building programs to promote the independent operational capabilities of the public and/or private sector; and (c) establish unique cultural/artistic sensitivity and traditions. A respect for recipient regions and their cultures is crucial. Respect for the local people’s rights to development and their participation are a must in creating an optimized model for development to meet the ultimate goal of realizing cultural diversity and development. For effective development, it is crucial for recipients to have ownership in the planning, executing, and result of the development projects. As for the recipient regions, it is desirable for them to break away from the conventional top-down regional development led by external forces such as donor countries and central governments. Instead of relying on external resources or input, they should develop methods under their control to secure the benefits in the local communities. For this purpose, it is imperative for the regions to drive the change from within. To do this, donors should first develop a specialized understanding of recipient regions. Countries that are not traditional donors like Korea and other non-Western countries lack the experience colonizing or managing on a global scale, so their technical expertise alone is not Examples of Development that Respects Local Conditions JTS, a Buddhism-based NGO, follows these principles in undertaking projects aimed at building "self-reliant village communities with the grassroots-based traditions kept intact": Help local communities become self-reliant Develop various small sources of income for economic independence, with the local agricultural industry as the main source Nurture village leaders to embrace the concept of education as a lifelong learning experience available to everyone, as opposed to a test-centered education with age restrictions Educate people to become the backbone of their local communities by loving, fully understanding, and taking care of their village Cultivate young leaders to form key groups Set up mutual aid systems among residents to ensure welfare (e.g. microcredit, local currency, producer cooperatives, and consumer cooperatives) Promote traditional culture in the most traditional way possible, minimizing the use of modern technology Emphasize voluntary engagement, self-regard, and independent commitment of local residents instead of merely constructing buildings and bridges for them Yoo, Jeonggil (2009), "Toward an alternative model for religion-based NGOs in Korea," 21st Monthly ODA Talk: Toward an alternative model for international activities by Korea's religion-based NGOs, ODA Watch. 8 October 2009. p. 9.
enough to carry out development projects without prior knowledge infrastructure on the recipient regions. That is, alignment is crucial for development projects led by new donors, and their expertise in the regions needs to be highlighted. IV. Conclusion: A Strategy to Build Global Cultural Governance in the Post-MDG Era It is possible to ensure effective development through cultural aid and to create a network of correlation between culture and development. This can be done via theoretical definition and case studies regarding the domains of economic value (i.e. culture as a tool for development) and cultural value (i.e. culture as a cross-cutting issue). Thus, further research in relevant theories and examples is strongly recommended. This may also be the basis for formulating strategies in building a global cultural governance system. To benchmark environmental governance for this purpose, the following methods may be taken into account: (a) the publication of reports to spread the discourse (“Our Common Future”); (b) the launch of a new international organization dedicated to the global system of culture and development (“UNFCCC”) or a fundamental reform of UNESCO; (c) the leadership of globally renowned figures who can serve as cultural icons (e.g. Al Gore or Gro Harlem Brundtland); and (d) the collaboration among relevant agencies to make sure that the discourse of culture and development is incorporated with great significance into the Post-MDG Global Partnership, an ongoing forum for post-MDG discussions.
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