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There was also a question about the export and import of cultural expressions. We did
publish an analysis of trade in cultural products and services few years ago. There are several
expressions of cultural goods that do cross borders. So that is indeed possible. You can also
think about the development in the sense of tourism. For instance, in Bhutan, tourism is the
second largest export market. Tourism is basically grounded on their cultural expressions,
their festivals, their religion symbols and others. There are several ways to export cultural
products and sometimes consumers comes to your country … but anyway some kind of
crossing borders is there.
As for answer to why Korea is indicated as no training area in the map in my presentation,
well, it is not that because we pick on Korea or don’t want to come here but somehow we
have not been invited or there was no interest or whatever…
Lynne Patchett
Chief of Staff, UNESCO Culture Sector
The first question picked up on the potential tension between emphasis on economic
progress/development and culture, perhaps the incompatibility between the two. We cannot
ignore that there is an economic side of culture but that is not the only one. We are looking at
development at a broader sense. Our definition of culture set out in the 2001 UNESCO
declaration of cultural diversity defines culture in a very broad sense. It’s something related
to the heart of human identity, and as a means of enriching human existence, building social
cohesion, respects, and promoting these values. That is the heart of various cultural
conventions. We can’t ignore the economic part, and sometimes this is the aspect of the UN’s
focus, but we have to keep the broad approach. For instance, UNESCO promotes this idea in
initiatives such as ‘Dream Centers’, where young people in post-disaster/post-conflict
countries are exposed to arts and express themselves (their emotions) through arts … I want
to reassure that UNESCO promotes this broader definition of culture.
Regarding the issue on culture and human rights, the 2001 declaration mentions very
clearly that all cultures have something to contribute as long as it is compatible with universal
values that UN advocates. UNESCO works at international level with other governments to
promote human rights and to change attitudes. We also try to work at community levels,
trying to develop alternatives, but I acknowledge that this is a very sensitive issue. We are not
a funding agency per se, but we work with donor countries to provide financial and technical
assistance.
Considering the platform for cultural exchange, I think the UN is the platform, where