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process tacitly occurs in which the temptation is automatically restrained by the important
goals. Impulsive consumption choices arising from weakened self-control are most evident in
health, diet, obesity, appearance, and entertainment that immediately satisfy desires, which
broaden the gaps by depriving people of rational consumption items such as conservation,
savings, and education. Poor people face continued gaps and the vicious cycle of poverty by
repeatedly making irrational choices.
The reason why self-control is weak among poor people is because they use more lowlevel
construals than high-level ones. Social polarization is also due to more widely spread
thoughts and behaviors of low-level construals. Low-level construers have weak self-control
and indulge in instant consumption. As a result, consumption for the future decreases, and
with repeated consumption, poverty becomes perpetuated (Spear, 2010).
4) Poverty and Pro-Social Behavior
The solution to ending the mechanism that sustains a vicious cycle is to encourage prosocial
behavior, which produces positive social results. For this, it is important to match
construal levels to behavioral levels. People are more cooperative when they “think about
their behavior more abstractly at a high-level construal” and “think about their behavior
specifically at a low-level construal.”
According to previous studies, construal levels affect cooperation, and especially are valid
when they guide ethical judgments and negotiations. Construal levels also interact with
motives (Giacomantonio et al. 2010). High-level construals eventually guide mutually
beneficial solutions in negotiations when cooperative motives are activated. Extending this to
cooperation, Sanna et al. (2010) found that people behave in a more pro-social manner when
their construal levels and motive levels coincide. As such, guiding pro-social behaviors by
making construal levels coincide with motive levels can be an important point in tackling
poverty.
One of the negative opinions about aid is that recipients, complacent with immediate aid,
stay impoverished rather than considering the future. Moreover, if aid continues to be granted
as requested by recipients, individual recipients may enjoy more benefits, but the overall
economy will be affected. Still, we cannot force recipients who follow immediate benefits to
look to a far future and behave cooperatively for gross benefit in order to change their beliefs.
Their motive levels are specific and at the same time short-term, so it is difficult to guide