Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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Conservation and Sustainable Use (sustainable forest management) 32 LANDSCAPE-ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN THE KARELIAN ISTMUS Valeri Sergienko Forestry Research Institute, 21 Institutsky pr., 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia, E-mail: spb330@spb.sitek.net Keywords: Landscape-ecological planning, ecology, nature protection, rare plants The problems of nature protection and use of natural resources under landscape-ecological planning of forestry in the Karelian Isthmus in the Leningrad region are considered. A tendency to go to landscape principles of forest management is taken into account. Complex of aims, connected with “ecologization” of forestry, includes theoretical elaboration of criteria and indicators of conservation, management and sustainable development of the regional forests with taking into account rational distribution of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) and working out effective measures on conservation of biodiversity ecosystem landscapes (plants, animal and microbiota) Conservation of biodiversity, providing ecological safety and stability of the region are important conditions under landscape-ecological planning and forming the net of SPNA. The system of SPNA must be projected with taking into account all various types of protection-needing landscapes and natural complexes. This system must be a net of interdependent natural objects connected with each other by ecological corridors in the form of protective belts along rivers and lakes or as forests of the Ist group where forest exploitation is strictly limited. River net, watersheds in the form of bog systems and forest-protection zones are also such corridors. The distribution of SPNA in the isthmus is irregular. Most of them are situated in the southern half. Few protected areas were established in districts that have boundaries with Finland, in the north, and in Priladozhsky district of the isthmus. On the whole, the area of SPNA in the isthmus occupies only 2.7% of the region area. The area of SPNA is 108000 ha, including forest protective plots, protection zones of reserves and water-protection territories. Forest protective plots include environment-protection categories of forests where harvest cutting is prohibited, border belts with full or partial prohibition of cutting, the water expanses of the Gulf of Finland, protection belts along roads, and others. Realization of Russian-Finnish project on developing the stable tourism in the Karelian Isthmus will allow sanctuary Lindulovskaya Grove that was listed among the objects of the world heritage by UNESCO and other SPNA to become one of the objects of natural international tourism. European Union finances this direction within the TACIS project. Realization of the project will allow to decide a number of recreational questions in the Karelian Isthmus. In the Karelian Isthmus the system of SPNA, in international meaning, is not developed enough. There are not any reserve and national natural park by classification of The World Conservation Union (IUCN) here. The status of protected objects here is lower than in IUCN system. However, there are a number of unique territories that should be given higher protection status (Sergienko 2000). Organizing SPNA of higher status is possible in the future. At the present time, Nature Conservation Complex Scheme of Leningrad Region (KSOP) is being elaborated till 2005, including the Karelian Isthmus. Of 56 existing and 57 projected and proposed SPNA in the region, 19 SPNA exist, 9 SPNA are being projected and 6 proposed for including in the system of SPNA in the isthmus (Red Data Book, 1999). Among SPNA existing in the Karelian Isthmus there are 10 regional sanctuaries, 8 natural monuments and 1 dendrological park. Protection regime here prohibits or limits forest cuttings, melioration works and changing hydrological regime, building works, hunting as well as other forms of human activities damaging natural complexes. 97
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity The system of SPNA is based on including the set of landscapes, unique ecosystems and natural objects with rare and endangered plant and animal species, as full as possible. The aims of conservation of ecosystems and biota are: 1. Conservation of key (environmental) plots with stop-over sites, and White Sea-Baltic migration ways of birds; 2. Maintenance of reproduction of marketable animals and fishes; 3. Forming zones of regimented recreation in areas of traditional visit of people; 4. Conservation of environment around culturaland-historical objects and plots of river banks, as well as seaside and islands of the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladozhskoye where biological productivity is high; 5. Protection of plots with rare and protected animal and plant species concentration. Under quite difficult anthropogenic conditions in the Karelian Isthmus, a problem arises of establishing the optimal number of SPNA of small area (sanctuaries, natural monuments and mini-reserves on the basis of existing protected areas or other interesting objects). Pressure of economic activities on natural ecosystems of the Karelian Isthmus and its considerable dispersal on the territory does not allow to establish here large reserves (Sergienko, 1999). About 1100 wild vascular plant species of 115 families in total have been registered in the isthmus (Illustrated key, 2000, Red Data Book, 2000). The flora was formed during the degradation of the last (Valdai) glacier in the post-glacial period. The flora has a distinctly migratory character and include a number of very rare and protection needing species. Zone taiga plant species are predominant. Some of species are relict. Analyses of floras of SPNA and publications concerning protected areas showed out that 112 rare and protected vascular plant species (of 204 vascular plant species needing protection in Leningrad region) have been revealed in the Karelian Isthmus (Red Data Book, 1993, 2000, Kotiranta et al. 1998). Red-listed plant species of the Karelian Isthmus are distributed as follows: extinct (or probably extinct) (5 species), endangered (11 species), vulnerable (38 species), rare (58 species). Among the rare and protected species of the isthmus of flora there are plants with a wide habitat range: forests, meadows, bogs, rocky outcrops, pebbles, seaside, typical and intrazonal plant communities. Many of the rare species in the region needing protection are located outside, or on border of, their own natural. Finding rare and protected plant in SPNA is the basis for monitoring and protecting rare, relict and endangered species in the region. At the same time, the aim to conservation rare plant communities of natural ecosystems unique by their importance and ecologically susceptible must be reached. Protection of such objects is necessary for conservation of historically formed biodiversity and for the balance of coenofund in nature. Effective functioning of SPNA on the region, and managing them, depends on their importance for conservation of the most susceptible ecosystems against the anthropogenic influence. Integrating the net of SPNA of Russia in general European system of protected areas is need. It is actual for the considered region, which borders on the Baltic countries and Finland. References Illustrated key to plant of the Karelian Isthmus. 2000. SPb. 478 p. (In Russian). Kotiranta, H., Uotila, P., Peltonen, S.L. 1998. Red Data Book of East Fennoscandia. Helsinki. 351 p. Red Data Book of the Baltic Region. 1993. Upsala, Riga. 95 p. Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Protected Areas. 1999. SPb. 1. 352 p. Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Plants and Fungi. 2000. SPb. 2. 384 p. Sergienko, V.G. 1999. Problems of ecosystems protection in the Baltic Region. In: The Book of Abstracts. Biological basis of the study, management and protection of flora, fauna and the soil cover in Eastern Fennoscandia. Petrozavodsk. p. 45-46. (In Russian). Sergienko, V.G. 2000. Formation of system of specially protected natural areas under landscape-ecological planning for Karelian Isthmus. In: Proceedings Saint-Petersburg Forestry Research Institute. 1 (2). SPb. p. 120-131. (In Russian). 98
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