Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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Assessment and Monitoring Figure 1. Final map of the results of the seminar on Evaluation and Identification of Priority Activities for Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing of the Brazilian Amazon Biodiversity, including Indian lands (hatched); priority areas (extremely high priority in red, very high priority in brown, high priority in yellow and unknown areas with strong possibility of biological relevance in green); and the new areas identified as relevant by other criteria than biological (in purple). 27
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity 3 NHy - EMISSION DENSITY TRIGGERS DIVERSITY OF “TYPICAL” FOREST VASCULAR PLANTS Hermann Ellenberg* and Tobias Nettels** *Institute for World Forestry, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products, Hamburg,Germany; ** MSc-thesis, Faculty for Biology, University of Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: ellenberg@holz.uni-hamburg.de Keywords: plant species diversity, sustainable forest management, management intensity, ammonia emission density, eutrophication, Northern Germany. Introduction: Eutrophicating and acidificating power of ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4 + )deposition from the air is well known scince the mid Eighties. It is considered one of the main causes for forest decline in Central Europe. Forests are “combing” these substances from the air and concentrating by this means the deposition load upon their areas. Trees and other plants are able to take up ammonia and ammonium directly from the air via their stomata and assimilate them into their leaves. Also, algae or lichens in the canopy assimilate these nitrogen compounds directly. Deposition and assimilation of NH3 and NH4 + trigger eutrophication of the ecosystem with a nutrient that in the past has been in short supply at most places, naturally or as a consquence of unsustainable use. This eutrophication occurs via leaf and litter fall and by the decomposition of this organic material through the activities of soil organisms. Question: As forests are normally not/no longer supplied with nitrogen fertilizers, and as plant indicator species for poor nitrogen supply are known to be most intensly threatened – does there exist a correlation or even a causal connection between numbers of “typical” forest species (vascular plants: ELLENBERG 1998) and the emission density of NHy ? Approach: For 28 counties (Landkreise) in the Northern German Lowlands – a quite homogenous macro-landscape over hundreds of kilometres – emission densities of NH3 had been calculated from animal husbandry statistics and provided to the CORINE data sample of the European Community. These data could be taken at the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation in Bonn. – The number of “typical” forest vascular plant species have been counted from this Agency’s data pool on the distribution of vascular plants in Germany. The species pool of “typical” forest vascular plants for each county was defined as the cumulative species numbers for four map sheets 1 : 25 000 (about 11 x 11 km, Messtischblatt). We concentrated on counties with approximately similar forest cover percentages (between 12 and 25 % forest cover). Results: There exists a clear correlation: high NHy – emission densities go parallel with low numbers of “typical” forest vascular plant species. This is especially evident for the counties on the poorer soils of the moraines of the last but one glaciation (see Figure). Possibly this result is only due to a lack of a similar steep gradient in emission densities for the counties in younger moraine landscapes. – This findings fit well with earlier published results on “eutrophication – the most serious problem in nature conservation” (ELLENBERG et al., 1989). 28
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Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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