Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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Assessment and Monitoring I-B stage of development (during 8-20 years) — a stage of covered stand formation. Fast-growing forest vegetation suppresses the development of fast-grow light-requiring plants (Calamagrostis sp., Poa sp., Agrostis sp., Chamaenerion angustifolium, Juncus sp., etc.). Frequently these plants don’t disappear at all, but only strongly reduce parameters of productiviy. But elements of vegetation eliminated in the result of forestry implementations complex(clear felling, soil cultivation and land treatment) start to restore: forest mesophile herbs and mosses characteristic for initial forest types. The species-companions of a spruce expand with its edificating influence. At this age the highest biodiversity is provided because of distinctions in ecological regimes of ecotope. II stage of development (during 21-40 years) — restoring. It is characterized by restoration of a great many typically forest species lost after cutting and further degradation of cereals and others light-requiring species. III stage of development (41 year and more) — a stage of vertical and horizontal phytocenoses structure formation. Lessons learned Relict radical coniferous forests of Russia is the unique standard of nature, the reservation of a biodiversity of virgin forests kept from times of ice age. As a result of active cutting down the radical forests can absolutely disappear. The clear fellings and reforestation transform the forest ecosystems, reduce their stability and unique biodiversity. For preservation of virgin forests, it is offered: 1) to remain as large areas of such forests as possible as the global ecological reservation; 2) to produce timber at special plantations as raw material. It will allow to proceed to a new level of silverculture development from collecting of wood to its production. Cultivation of soil changes the direction of succession and strongly slow down the restoration of initial vegetation: digressionaly-replaced phytocenoses are formed. Phytocenoses of plantations with age of 41-70 have features of initial and virgin forests, however the initial forest type is not restored. For diversity increase and sustainability of a stand it is recommended to leave wide spaces between rows which serve as buffer zones. References Chertov, O.G. 1981. Ecology of forest lands: soil ecological investigation of forest sites. Nauka, Leningrad, Russia, 192 p. (in Russian). Hannerz M. & Hanell B. 1996. Changes in the vascular plant vegetation after different cutting regims on a productive peatland site in Central Sweden // Vegetation succession after clearcutting and shelterwood cutting. Report no.84.- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, 28p. Lee Steve A. 1993. Examines the relationship between biodiversity and tree plantations. Study no.6. Biodiversity. Shell/WWF Tree plantation review. Manchester, England. Nikvist N. 1997. Changes in species accurance and phytomass after clearfelling, prescribed burning and slash removal in two Swedish spruce forests. Swedia Forestalia Suecica, no.201. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. Olsson B. & Staaf H. 1995. Influence of harvesting intensity of logging residues on vegetation in coniferous forests. Report no.80. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 26-49. 63
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity 19 FOREST ECOSYSTEMS OF CANADA: A COMPONENT OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, P. O. Box 490 Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7 Canada Keywords: ecosystem classification, forest communities, woodland habitat Forest Ecosystems of Canada Project Forest Ecosystems of Canada, a project led by Natural Resources Canada – Canadian Forest Service in conjunction with numerous federal, provincial, territorial, and non-governmental agencies, seeks to develop a standardized taxonomic classification of Canadian forest and woodland ecosystems at the level of the vegetation community. The resulting classification, called the Canadian Forest Ecosystem Classification (C-FEC), can be thought of as an “encyclopedia” or “dictionary” of Canadian forest communities, containing standardized definitions and descriptions using common nomenclature and terminology. This classification will identify known forest and woodland habitats in Canada, describing them with reference to their constituent species and environmental contexts, and provide an ecological language and database to guide information exchange and conservation planning at both the community and species levels. Conservation of specific ecosystems can be considered as a coarse filter approach to protecting the constituent species and genetic diversity within those ecosystems. Conservation of forest ecosystems requires that a mosaic pattern of different forest ecosystems (a diversity of patches) be maintained across the landscape with each patch respecting forest structure (the vertical layering of trees, shrubs and other plants) and function (the major dynamic life-supporting processes). The first step towards conservation of forest ecosystems is characterization of the major forest types within the forested land base. A nationally standardized classification system and accompanying nomenclature for community-scale ecosystems is a critical tool for biodiversity conservation at the ecosystem, species and genetic levels, essential for habitat recognition and implementation of protected areas strategies. There is currently no national classification standard in Canada for identifying, naming, or describing forest ecosystems at the level of the vegetation community. Existing provincial/territorial forest ecosystem classifications (FEC’s) were developed independently, so there is a lack of correspondence between them and the level of overlap between provincial/territorial FEC’s is unknown. Consequently, Canada has no mechanism for establishing a national inventory of forest communities, for tracking and reporting on their conservation and health status, or for analyses of the distribution of critical species habitat. Canadian National Vegetation Classification Project The Canadian National Vegetation Classification (C-NVC) project is being initiated under the leadership of the Canadian branch of The Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI-Canada), in collaboration with numerous governmental and non-governmental partners. It is the Canadian component of the International Classification of Ecological Communities (ICEC), a hierarchical, taxonomic, vegetation classification that combines information about vegetation structure, species composition, and habitat characteristics to classify vegetation communities into associations and their first order aggregates, alliances. The ICEC, developed by ABI-International together with associated natural heritage programs and conservation data centres (CDC’s), is an international ecosystem classification standard that is being concurrently implemented in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and several other Caribbean and Latin American countries. 64
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