Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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Keynote Addresses HARVESTING OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS: IS SUSTAINABILITY ACHIEVABLE? What are non-timber forest products? The term “non-timber forest products” (NTFPs) refer to natural resources collected from forests apart from sawn timber. Wickens (1991), for example, considered non-timber forest products to be “all the biological material (other than industrial round wood and derived sawn timber, wood chips, wood-based panel and pulp) that may be extracted from natural ecosystems, managed plantations, etc. and be utilised within the household, be marketed, or have social, cultural or religious significance”. Though not explicitly stated, wildlife (mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, land snails, etc) is part of NTFPs. The diversity and importance of NTFPs Diversity In the Peruvian Amazon, Vasquez and Gentry (1990) recorded over 57 wild-collected fruit species being sold by Iquitos Indian. In Indonesia (Sswoyo et al. 1994), 1260 species of medicinal plants, many wild-collected species are sold. In South Africa, 400-500 species are sold for traditional medicines, 99% are wild harvested (Cunningham 1991; Williams, 1996). In Germany, Lange & Schippmann (1997) have documented 1543 medicinal plant species comprising 854 genera in 223 families in import or export trade, 70-90% of which are primarily harvested from the wild. According to Farnsworth & Morris (1976), 25 percent of all prescription drugs dispensed in the United States over the last several decades have contained active ingredients extracted from higher order plants. At least 175 plant species native to North America are found in the non-prescription medicinal market in the United States and more than 140 medicinal plants native to North America are in international markets (TRAFFIC North America 1999). In Sarawak, Malaysia, three ungulate species, bearded pig and two barking deer species, comprised 80% of biomass hunted (Robinson & Bennett 2000) although at least 26 mammal species, 12 bird species and 5 reptile species are regularly eaten. In Colombia, Maracá Indians killed at least 51 bird species, including 10 hummingbird species (Ruddle, 1970) and the Sirionó Indians of Bolivia hunt 23 mammals species, 33 bird species and 9 reptile species. In the Central African Republic, hunters using snares capture 33 mammal species, 7 reptile species and 3 bird species and in the Lobéké area of Cameroon, hunters took at least 36 animal species (Robinson & Bennett 2000). Importance Access to NTFP helps rural households diversify their livelihood base and reduce their exposure to risk. Rural people, moving from a subsistence lifestyle to a cash economy, have relatively few options for generating income. They can sell agricultural produce, work for a cash wage, or sell retail goods in local or regional marketplaces. For the landless rural poor, harvesting of NTFP is a common option. NTFP provide a safety net, a sort of “green social security” to billions of people in the form of low cost building materials, income, fuel, food supplements and traditional medicines (van Andel, 2000). In several tropical countries, bushmeat represents up to 80% of the household protein intake, with little or no replacement available (Robinson & Bennett 2000). The economic value of NTFP is rarely taken into account in assessing Gross Domestic Product. Still their international trade involve global networks and huge amount of money (Table 1). Robert Nasi CIFOR, Center for International Forestry Research Situ gede, Sidang Barrang, Bagar Barot 16680 Indonesia E-mail: R.nasi@cgiar.org 17
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity Table 1: Some examples of NTFP international trade values 1 Products from NTFP World’s import Notes (million US$) Natural rubber 4,221.8 Tropical moist forest regions, from intensively managed plantations, agroforestry systems and natural stands (extractive reserves) of Hevea brasiliensis Ginseng roots 389.3 Tropical or subtropical, both from wild and plantations Essential oils 319.4 Various regions, both from wild and cultivated resources Cork 310.7 Mediterranean regions from managed natural stands and plantations of Quercus suber Honey 268.2 Worldwide product from intensively or extensively managed and wild resources Walnut 215.9 Temperate from cultivated populations of Juglans spp. Mushrooms 206.5 Temperate and sub-tropical both from wild and cultivated populations Rattan 119,0 Tropical rainforests, mostly from natural stands, few plantations in Asia Gum Arabic 101.3 Tropical arid regions, mostly from wild or extensively managed natural stands of Acacia senegal and A. seyal Brazil nuts 44.3 Amazonian rainforests, from wild or semi-intensively managed natural stands of Bertholetia excelsa TOTAL NTFP 11,108.7 1 modified from FAO (1995b) – original data from UNCTAD database NTFPs, the changing paradigm In the past, plant and bush-meat use values to people have either been disregarded, or if taken into account, then the emphasis has either been on the values of plants or wildlife, rather than both together. In the developed world, little attention has been paid to NTFP for decades. The names used to characterize these products gives an idea of their relative ranking compared to timber in the minds of the developed world managers. Decision makers and forest managers were then talking about secondary, minor, special, specialty non-wood or non-traditional forest products. For various reasons, the most prominent one being probably the need to find alternative sources of incomes to populations deprived of their land (e.g. for conservation purposes) or of its most valuable resources (e.g. timber), NTFP have now come out of the ‘shadow’ and are no longer considered to be minor products. Nowadays, they are often presented as the possible miracle solution to reconcile poverty alleviation and conservation. Some studies have shown that potential income from NTFP can match incomes from logging or other forest degrading activities. The idea that higher income from NTFP (and other activities) is will reduce farmer’s need to encroach upon protected areas is the ‘new’ policy paradigm that underlies many Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (Angelsen & Kaimowtiz 2001). Unfortunately available experience shows that when a forest product becomes commercially attractive (either locally or internationally) then harvesting is often unsustainable, undermining the primary goal of any protected area: maintenance of habitat and species diversity. 18
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Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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