Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Keynote Addresses Why is harvesting not sustainable? This general pattern of over-exploitation is due to several biological and socio-cultural factors that are generally not sufficiently taken into consideration: • Differences in climate, soil and vegetation type result in significant differences in the availability and possible use of NTFPs across tropical and temperate climates (Cunningham 2001). The assumption that income from NTFPs can match those from logging is often false. It certainly applies to natural stands like the “oligarchic” forests dominated by fruit bearing trees (e.g. Myricaria dubia) or palms (eg: Euterpe oleracea), but in most cases it does not apply. • Vulnerability or resilience to harvesting is influenced by biological characteristics: life form (plants) or body size (animals), growth rate, reproductive biology, geographic distribution, habitat specificity, population density, etc. (Peters, 1994). • The potential yield from wild stocks of many species is frequently overestimated. As a result, commercial harvesting ventures based on wild populations is characterised by a “boom and bust” situation where initial plentiful harvests are followed by declining resource availability. • The new ‘policy’ paradigm on NTFP is probably based on several false assumptions. Most rural people do not exhibit the ‘full belly’ preferences that the hypothesis assumes (Angelsen & Kaimowitz 2001). The way forward If sustainable management of non-timber forest product (NTFP) is to be implemented successfully, then recognition that there is no “one size fits all” policy is essential. Policies and their implementation practice have to be tailored to local ecological, economic, cultural and political circumstances. Preliminary results of a multi-case comparative study (more than 60 cases covering several countries and NTFPs) by CIFOR and partners show that it is possible to predict if, when and under which ecological and social conditions a given NTFP can be effectively sustainably managed. This should open the way to a more rational approach on conservation and sustainable use of NTFP by defining the actual range of conditions under a product can be sustainably harvested. Several important NTFP come from domesticated or semidomesticated plants or animals: cork, ginseng, khat leaves, silk, taxol, etc. The same domestication process is possible for several other NTFP under such conditions and wild harvest is not necessarily the [only, rather than “right”] answer. Awareness, communication and participation are also important. A recent meeting on ‘bushmeat and logging concession in Central Africa’ showed that it is possible to significantly reduce the negative impact of logging on wildlife and that most stakeholders are willing to contribute to this effort. Actual pilot activities have demonstrated that collaboration between the private sector and conservation NGOs is possible and that practical options do exist for reducing the impact of timber exploitation on wildlife (Tutin et al. 2001). Certification of NTFP might also open some avenues in specific cases for better management by raising buyers’ awareness thus opening greater market share for fair trade in sustainably harvested products which provides an incentive for resource management (Shanley et al. in press). Just as there is no “one size fits all” policy, so there is no single, definitive path to linking local livelihoods and NTFP use in a sustainable way: what is essential, however, is that policy development is enriched and adequately informed through “scaling up” from the field level studies to the policy level. This paper is intended as a contribution to this goal. 19
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity References Andel, T.R. van. 2000. Non-timber forest products of the North-West district of Guyana. Tropenbos Guyana Series 8. Tropenbos Guyana Programme, Georgetown, Guyana. Angelsen, A., & D. Kaimowitz (eds.) 2001. Agricultural Technologies and Tropical Deforestation. CAB International, London and CIFOR, Bogor. Cunningham, A.B. 1991. Development of a conservation policy on commercially exploited medicinal plants: a case study from southern Africa pp. 337-358 In Heywood, V., H. Synge & O. Akerele (eds.) Conservation of medicinal plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Cunningham, A B. 2001. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan, London. FAO 1995. Trade restrictions affecting international trade in non-wood forest products. Non-wood Forest Products no 8, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome. Farnsworth, N. R., & R.W. Morris. 1976. Higher plants – the sleeping giant of drug development. American Journal Pharmaceutical Education 148:46-52. Lange, D. & U. Schippmann. 1997. Trade survey of Medicinal plants in Germany: a contribution to international plant species conservation. Bundesamt fur Naturschutz, Bonn Peters, C.M. 1992 . The ecology and economics of oligarchic forests. Advances in Economic Botany 9 : 15-22 Peters, C.M. 1994. Sustainable harvest of non-timber plant resources in tropical moist forest: an ecological primer. Biodiversity Support Programme, World Wildlife Fund, Washington DC. Robinson, J.G., & E.L.Bennett (eds.) 2000. Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Forests. Columbia University Press, New York. Ruddle, K.1970. The Hunting Technology of the Maracá Indians. Antropologica 25:21-63. Shanley, P., S. A. Laird, A. Pierce & A. Guillen (eds.) in press. The management and marketing of non-timber forest products: certification as a tool to promote sustainability. Earthscan, London. Siswoyo, E.A.M. Zuhud & D. Sitepu 1994. Research programme on and development of medicinal plants in Indonesia pp. 161-300 In E.A.M. Zuhud & Haryanto (eds.) Conservation and use of medicinal plants’ diversity in Indonesia’s tropical forests. Jurusan Konservasi Sumberdaya Hutan Fakultas Kehutanan IPB & Lembaga Alam Tropika Indonesia (LATIN), Bogor. TRAFFIC North America. 1999. Medicine from U.S. Wildlands: An Assessment of Native Plant Species Harvested in the United States for Medicinal Use and Trade and Evaluation of the Conservation and Management Implications. Unpublished report to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, TRAFFIC North America, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC. Tutin, C., R. Nasi & D. Wilkie 2001. Vasquez, R., & A.H. Gentry. 1990. Use and misuse of forest-harvested fruits in the Iquitos area. Conservation Biology 3(4): 350-361. Wickens, G.E. 1991. Management issues for development of non-timber forest products. Unasylva 42(165): 3-8. Williams, V L. 1996. The Witwaterrand multitrade. Veld and Flora 82: 12-14. 20
Page 1 and 2: Secretariat of the Convention on Bi
Page 3 and 4: Assessment, Conservation and Sustai
Page 10 and 11: Keynote Addresses THE NEEDS FOR TAR
Page 12 and 13: Keynote Addresses The COP has recog
Page 14 and 15: Keynote Addresses MANAGEMENT OF GOO
Page 16 and 17: Keynote Addresses The four environm
Page 18 and 19: Keynote Addresses A priority has ge
Page 20 and 21: Keynote Addresses The analysis of p
Page 22 and 23: Keynote Addresses Recent research a
Page 24 and 25: Keynote Addresses Guzmán, V., Vill
Page 26 and 27: Keynote Addresses HARVESTING OF NON
Page 30 and 31: Assessment and Monitoring Assessmen
Page 32 and 33: Assessment and Monitoring The maxim
Page 34 and 35: Assessment and Monitoring 2 INDIAN
Page 36 and 37: Assessment and Monitoring Figure 1.
Page 38 and 39: Assessment and Monitoring Literatur
Page 40 and 41: Assessment and Monitoring 50 % of t
Page 42 and 43: Assessment and Monitoring 6 OVERVIE
Page 44 and 45: Assessment and Monitoring Table 1:
Page 46 and 47: Assessment and Monitoring The perio
Page 48 and 49: Assessment and Monitoring 8 BIODIVE
Page 50 and 51: Assessment and Monitoring 9 ASSESSM
Page 52 and 53: Assessment and Monitoring 10 THE GL
Page 54 and 55: Assessment and Monitoring is the in
Page 56 and 57: Assessment and Monitoring Among a l
Page 58 and 59: Assessment and Monitoring 12 AUDITI
Page 60 and 61: Assessment and Monitoring 13 CRITER
Page 62 and 63: Assessment and Monitoring Indicator
Page 64 and 65: Assessment and Monitoring The Natio
Page 66 and 67: Assessment and Monitoring The main
Page 68 and 69: Assessment and Monitoring 16 MYCOPH
Page 70 and 71: Assessment and Monitoring There is
Page 72 and 73: Assessment and Monitoring I-B stage
Page 74 and 75: Assessment and Monitoring Developme
Page 76 and 77: Conservation and Sustainable Use (s
Page 78 and 79:
Conservation and Sustainable Use (s
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
Page 102 and 103:
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Institutional and socio-economic as
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Assessment, Conservation and Sustai
show all

Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?