Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

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Assessment and Monitoring 2 INDIAN LANDS AS A KEY ELEMENT IN THE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON João Paulo Capobianco, Nurit Bensusan*, Adriana Ramos and Alicia Rolla Instituto Socioambiental Av. Higienópolis 901 01238-001 São Paulo – SP Brazil Keywords: biodiversity conservation, forests, Indian lands, Amazon, protected areas Background The identification and definition of important areas for biodiversity conservation in a region as vast as the Amazon has been a challenge for researchers and policy makers for years. From 1970, the search for a method beyond opportunism lead to the proposals of many methodologies for the selection areas in order to protect the greatest biodiversity (Pressey et al., 1993). Some of them were applied in the Brazilian Amazon. The first experience of selecting areas for conservation was made by the land use component of RadamBrasil, a programme for mapping the Brazilian Amazon developed between 1973 and 1983. The identification of the areas was based on their geological and geomorphologic characteristics, but it also included areas without any specific use. The second experience was based on the occurrence of centres of endemism in the Brazilian Amazon (Wetterberg et al., 1976). At this time 30 areas were identified as priority. The third effort was, in 1990, the so called Workshop 90. The selection of the areas was based on biogegographical analysis of endemism and species richness. The results pointed to 57 priority areas (Rylands 1991). After some years, Rylands and Pinto (1998) highlighted that many other areas were not included due to lack of information and argued that the final map of Workshop 90 reflected only the limited knowledge we have about the Brazilian Amazon. Because of the limitations of species-based identification of areas, suggestions of landscape and ecosystem related approaches were put forward and, in 1999 as a part of the National Programme on Biodiversity six non-governmental organisations co-ordinated by Instituto Socioambiental, promoted a workshop on evaluation and identification of priority areas and activities in the Brazilian Amazon. This workshop, called “Seminar on Evaluation and Identification of Priority Activities for Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing of the Brazilian Amazon Biodiversity”, gathered the greatest number of data on the Brazilian Amazon ever, and selected 86 new areas to be protected. On the other hand, Indian lands have been established considering their traditional occupation of the land, without taking in to account the biodiversity status of these areas. In the Brazilian Amazon, an area of 500.631.680 hectares, there are 370 Indian lands, encompassing 102.278.338 hectares, representing 20,43% of the Amazon region. Methods The Seminar on Evaluation and Identification of Priority Activities for Conservation, Sustainable Use and Benefit Sharing of the Brazilian Amazon Biodiversity developed its work on preliminary data including: a) maps of cattle distribution, main crops cultures, mining, population, land use pressure, deforestation, deforestation pattern, fire risk, hydro balance, fires in August 1999, ecoregions, phytophysiognomies, protected areas, Indian lands, land reform settlement, roads, centres of wood exploitation, hydrography and traditional knowledge; b) assessment of biological groups, such as plants, mammals, fishes and birds; and c) socio-economic analysis. 25
Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity These documents were analysed first through a thematic approach and then through a regional approach, which divided the Brazilian Amazon in 7 regions. The 226 participants pointed out 379 priority areas, divided in 4 categories: extremely high priority, very high priority, high priority and unknown areas with strong possibility of biological relevance. For each area, recommendations were developed, including the establishment of protected areas. Results The results of the seminar, presented in figure 1 and table 1, show that an important part of the relevant areas for biodiversity conservation, 40,1% of the extremely high priority areas and 36,4% of the very priority areas, are located inside the Indian lands. These numbers are significantly higher than the percentage of relevant areas for biodiversity conservation located within protected areas; only 34% of the extremely high priority areas and 29,9% of the very priority areas It is difficult to point out an explanation for these results, but there are three main hypothesis: 1) Indians tend to concentrate where biodiversity is abundant; 2) these peoples have an important role in the ecological processes that generate and maintain biodiversity; and 3) a mix of the two previous hypothesis, Indians prefer lands with more biodiversity, but they are also a key element in the processes that create and maintain biodiversity. These data highlight the relevance of the Indian lands to the conservation of the biodiversity in the Brazilian Amazon. However, Brazil is still lacking a programme for biodiversity conservation in those Indian lands. References Pressey R.L., C.J. Humphries, C.R. Margules, R. I. Vane-Wright, P.H. Williams. 1993. Beyond opportunism: key principles for systematics reserve selection. Tree 8: 124-128. Rylands AB. 1991. The status of conservation areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Washington. World Wildlife Fund & The Conservation International. Rylands AB., Pinto LPS. 1998. Conservação da biodiversidade na Amazônia brasileira: uma análise do sistema de unidades de conservação. Cadernos FBDS 1: 1-65. Wetterberger G.B., M.T.J Pádua., C.S Castro., J.M.C. Vasconcellos. 1976. Uma análise de prioridades em conservação da natureza na Amazônia. Projeto de Desenvolvimento e Pesquisa Florestal (PRODEPEF) PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, Série Técnica 8: 1-63. Table 1. Percentage of priority areas included in protected areas and Indian lands Level of priority Protected Areas (%) Indian lands (%) Extremely high priority 34,0 40,1 Very high priority 29,9 36,4 High priority 0 25,0 26
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