Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity

Assessment and Monitoring
Among a lot of other species spruce differs by exceptional polymorphism (Pravdin, 1975). One of the
properties of genotype features is belonging of the individual to early or late blossoming out form. The
difference of periods of the beginning of vegetation between extreme forms is 10-12 days. Invariable early
beginning of kidney swelling of spruce provenances from north and east regions of Russia is steady.
Murmansk climatype is presented exclusively by early blossoming out form; Komi, Sverdlovsk, are more close
to it. To late blossoming out form is refered P. abies from Zakarpatie, and also spruce of Kaluga, Vitebsk and
Novgorod provenances. Phenoform is typical for spruce of local population. On the north-west Russia
populations of Picea abies are marked by a high point of blossoming of 2000 year. The further to the north and
east the place of cones collection from the place of seeds test is, the worse was point of fruitage (table). Great
variability in form and size of cones and external adge of seeded scales is exposed: the lengs of cones with
rhombic form and with sharp scales (Zakarpatie, Leningrad, Novgorod, Baltic, Kalinin, Moscow) reaches
130 mm; the length of cones with round scales is not exeed 88 mm. By the colour of carpellate strobiles on
objects is marked predominance of individual with red cones and transitional forms . Spruce with green cones
are met in Karelia, Komi, Kostroma, Zakarpatie climatypes. The percentage of seeds output from cones, the
hardnes of seeds – quantitative properties, also indicate to inheritable features of population. The mass of
seeds may increase or decrease because of size of the seed. Hardness is a supplementary reliable description of
quality of seeds.
Larch crops grows on the sites with a soils, but overmoisthered. nevertheless, mortolity is still growing up to
95% only in the climatypes of south-east origin (Irkutsk – Larix sibirica and Chabarovsk – L.dahurica), which
are more far from north-west region. At 12 years age they have the most slow growth. As at the earlest stages of
development, as nowadays L.Sukaczowii from Ivanovo region (1 range, middle H =9,4 m) and Sverdlovsk
region has the successeful growth and vitality (50-70%). Last inventory of geographical crops of Siberian stone
(Pinus sibirica) has indiccated high resistance (62-75%) to new soil-climatic conditions. Only the most far to
north-east Jakutsk origin has vitality at 40% and slow growth. The best growth was indicated for cultivation
with origin of seeds from Tomsk and Irkutsk regions.
Preliminary Findings
So, on the territory of north-west of Russia populations of P. abies and spruce from introgressive hybridization
zone with P. abies properties, have more high genetically stipulated predisposition to rapid growth and
successful natural regeneration, in comparison with P. Sibirica and its hybrid forms. Seeds of European origin
(Larix Sukaczowii) give more sustainable stands in the Leningrad region. Unique experiment for new series of
geographical populations of Siberian stone pine in the Leningrad forest-seeds subregion was established in the
conditions when requirement of this breed to aeration of soil was not taken into account. Therefore correction
of growth with factors of cedar pine geographical provenance is not great. By productivity of geographical
population and their stability to the change of habitat one can judge about that inherited information, which
is gave in them by maternal stand or by an individual, and also about the accordance of growing conditions in
native land to new soil-climatic conditions in region where tests; and besides share of genotypical influence is
increased with age.
References
Kairjukshtis L.A., Juodvalkis A.U. 1976. The origin of changing of relationships character between individuals
in the frame of breed // Silviculture and forestry. – M. ° 11. – p.16-24.
Pravdin L.F., Abaturova G.A., Morozov G.P., Shershurkova O.P. 1973. The importance of tree breeding genetic
for biogeocenotic investigations // The results of research works in forestry and forest biogeocenology.
Abstracts of seminar. M.. Vol. 3, p. 54-56.
Pravdin L.F. Picea abies (L.) Karsten and Picea obovata Ledebour in the USSR. 1975. Science. 176 p.
Program and method “The study of available and creation of new geographical crops”. 1972. Pushkino
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