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Political, geographic and institutional background Geographic context Vanuatu is a Pacific Island country in what is commonly referred to as the Melanesian group in the western Pacific and is made up of 80 islands, 65 of which are inhabited, spread over around 650 kilometres of ocean (Figure 1.1). The total economic zone of Vanuatu is around the size of metropolitan France or 60 per cent the size of New South Wales, which in conjunction with its relatively modest population size makes problems of distance and communication very significant, even if these are not as severe as in some other PICs. Figure 1.1: Map of Vanuatu The country is divided into six provinces: Tafea (Erromango, Tanna, Aneityum, Futuna and Aniwa), Shefa (Efate and the Shepherd Islands), Malampa (Ambryn, Malakula and Paama), Penama (Pentecost, Maewo and Ambae), Sanma (Santo, Malo, Aore, Tutuba and Bokissa) and Torba (the Torres Islands, Vanua Lava, the Banks Islands and Gaua). Torba is the most northern province, containing some of the most remote islands and atolls. Vanuatu’s capital, Port Vila, is located in Shefa Province, and the other main urban centre, Luganville, is located on the predominantly agricultural island of Espiritu Santo in Sanma Province. Tafea is the southernmost province, also with remote islands and atolls. The larger islands are mostly volcanic in origin, and there are nine active volcanoes. The country is extremely vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions. In fact, of 111 countries ranked by the Commonwealth Vulnerability Index, it is considered the most vulnerable (Easter, Atkins TORBA Torres Islands Vanua Lava Gaua Banks Islands SANMA Espiritu Santo Luganville Ambae Aore Malo Maewo Pentecost PENAMA Coral Sea MALAMPA Shepherd Island Port Vila Efate SHEFA Australia Vanuatu TAFEA Erromango Aniwa New Zealand Tanna 18
Table 1.1: Composite vulnerability index and other indices, selected countries, around 2000 Population Real per capita GDP (US$) Rank Output volatility index Rank Composite vulnerability index Vanuatu 161,000 2,500 53 3.61 90 13.295 1 Antigua and 65,000 5,369 86 13.38 3 11.246 2 Barbuda Tonga 93,000 3,740 73 13.18 4 10.439 3 Bahamas 268,000 16,180 110 7.37 25 10.433 4 Fiji 758,000 5,530 89 6.84 32 8.888 8 Maldives 236,000 2,200 47 2.97 97 8.654 9 Solomon Islands 354,000 2,266 49 11.21 9 8.398 11 Dominica 71,000 3,810 76 6.12 41 8.122 12 Guyana 816,000 2,140 45 11.87 5 7.953 13 Grenada 92,000 3,118 61 6.89 31 7.848 15 Sao Tome 127,000 600 4 4.23 79 7.690 17 Jamaica 2,411,000 3,180 63 3.43 91 7.484 18 St Lucia 139,000 3,795 74 6.59 35 7.449 19 Samoa 167,000 3,000 59 6.92 30 7.371 20 Belize 204,000 4,610 82 9.63 15 6.652 23 St Vincent 11,000 3,552 69 6.08 43 6.563 24 Mauritius 1,091,000 12,510 107 6.72 34 6.510 27 Seychelles 72,000 4,960 84 5.90 51 6.375 28 St Kitts 42,000 9,340 103 5.97 50 6.362 29 Papua New Guinea 4,110,000 2,530 55 5.03 65 6.308 30 Barbados 260,000 10,570 105 4.34 74 5.670 38 Comoros 607,000 1,130 26 2.39 106 5.425 43 Trinidad and Tobago 1,278,000 8,670 101 8.75 18 5.264 49 Kiribati 78,000 1,475 32 16.60 1 5.082 59 Cape Verde 370,000 1,820 41 9.08 16 4.956 73 China 1,196,360,000 2,330 51 4.84 66 3.744 108 Rank Source: Easter, Atkins and Mazzi 2000. and Mazzi 2000). 2 Table 1.1 shows Vulnerability Index rankings for Vanuatu and a selection of other countries around 2000. It focuses mainly on small island states, but for comparison, it includes China, which at the time the index was developed (2000) had a GDP per capita only slightly higher than Vanuatu’s and ranked 108 th out of 111 countries in terms of vulnerability. The reason for Vanuatu’s high vulnerability is that it has relatively high export dependence and non-diversified export items, so its economy is highly vulnerable to external economic shocks. Between 1981 and 2006, Vanuatu experienced 28 natural disasters, affecting on average 10,500 people (more than 4 per cent of the population) per year, making its population the most affected by disasters of all states covered in the sample. 2 The Commonwealth Vulnerability Index was based on two principles: (1) the impact of external shocks over which a country has little or no control and (2) the country’s resilience or ability to withstand and recover from such shocks. In terms of impact, income growth volatility is seen as a direct consequence of vulnerability. About 50 variables, representing the economic, environmental and spatial dimensions of the characteristics of developing countries, were tested in an econometric modeling exercise in order to identify a limited number of highly significant indicators influencing volatility of income (measured as GDP). The three most significant indicators found were lack of diversification, export dependence and the impact of natural disasters. These elements were combined to form a composite index of the impact of vulnerability on developing countries. The resulting index was then weighted by GDP as a proxy for resilience, the second component of the index. 19
Page 3 and 4: © United Nations Children’s Fund
Page 5 and 6: Public budgets.....................
Page 7 and 8: References.........................
Page 9 and 10: Tables Table 1.1: Composite vulnera
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgements Contributions to e
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Page 15 and 16: on aspects of child well-being in V
Page 17: people, settlers, and ‘lazy’ pe
Page 21 and 22: that Vanuatu has one of the highest
Page 23 and 24: Vatu Millions shown in Figure 1.5,
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.7: Population growth rate
Page 27 and 28: and expanding business opportunitie
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Page 31 and 32: proposals. This contribution focuse
Page 33 and 34: The 2006 HIES provides the basis fo
Page 35 and 36: To estimate the cost of the FPL in
Page 37 and 38: 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Millennium De
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.2: Correlates of expenditur
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Page 55 and 56: Table 3.1: Child nutrition outcomes
Page 57 and 58: Malaria is the major public health
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Page 65 and 66: Early marriage may be encouraged fo
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GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
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Education trends are more positive,
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Overall, Malampa performs best of a
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has significant problems with child
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NZAID, 2008, ‘Launch of NZ’s Pa
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Table A1.3: Children under the nati
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% N Family vulnerability Orphan chi
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Odds of no deprivation Odds of at l
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Table A1.11: HIV testing and counse
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Birth is registered? (%) Birth is n
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Annex 2. Policies Table A2.1: Natio
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Document that sets out goals and st
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