Global Study On Child Poverty And Disparities (PDF) - Social Policy ...

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Another issue in Vanuatu is the language of instruction; bilingualism is enshrined in the Constitution and the draft National Language Policy. While maintaining French language instruction in schools is considered an asset, it is a challenge to provide instruction in both languages because of the duplication and inefficiencies in rural areas and the lack of qualified teachers. Child outcomes, disparities and gender equality Approximately three-quarters (74 per cent) of primary-school-age children are enrolled; only 63 per cent reach grade 5, and less than 3 per cent of children who enrol in primary school make it through to year 13 (ADB 2009a). The literacy rate is also relatively low, estimated at 74 per cent and 69 per cent in rural areas. Vanuatu also has the highest proportion of children in the Pacific who have never attended school. Some areas have as high as 65 per cent non-attendance rates, and there are also high rates of drop-outs, withdrawals and absenteeism. These Figures suggest Vanuatu has little chance of reaching the MDG of education for all by 2015 (ADB 2009a). As Figure 3.8 shows, school attendance rates differ substantially with differences in mother’s education and wealth index quintiles. While 61 per cent of children whose mothers have no education are attending primary or secondary school, the rate is nearly 90 per cent for children whose mothers have secondary or higher education. Net school attendance increases from 73 per cent in the poorest wealth quintile to 89 per cent in the richest wealth quintile. Figure 3.8: School attendance rates by mother’s education and wealth quintile (%) 100 89 89 90 81 77 80 73 70 61 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 None Secondary Primary Poorest Middle Lowest Mother’s Education Wealth quintile Source: MICS 2007. Table 3.8 shows the percentage of children of primary school age attending primary or secondary school. Nationally, 80 per cent of boys and girls attend primary or secondary school. By region, Tafea has the lowest net attendance rate at 70 per cent, and Malampa has the highest at 93 per cent. Table 3.8: School attendance by region and age, 2007 Male Female Total Background characteristics % attendance* Number of % attendance* Number of % attendance* # of children children children Region Tafea 71.7 145 68.9 132 70.4 277 Shefa 82.8 122 82.7 104 82.7 226 Malampa 93.1 87 93.2 88 93.1 175 Penama 72.5 131 79.3 87 75.2 218 Sanma 76.8 99 74.4 86 75.7 185 Torba 77.5 138 82.2 146 79.9 284 Port Vila 84.0 256 85.9 206 84.8 462 Luganville 81.7 208 80.7 166 81.3 374 Residence Urban 83.3 464 84.4 372 83.8 836 Rural 79.2 722 80.1 643 79.6 1,365 Age 6 72.6 225 68.2 193 70.6 418 7 78.2 208 79.8 153 78.9 361 8 90.0 205 87.6 160 89.0 365 9 80.9 210 84.6 198 82.7 408 10 78.2 154 85.6 141 81.7 295 Mother’s education 11 80.9 184 82.4 170 81.6 354 None 59.4 104 62.2 111 60.8 215 Primary 79.4 661 82.1 527 80.6 1,188 Secondary + 89.2 246 89.3 225 89.3 471 Non-standard (*) 7 (*) 2 (*) 9 Mother not in 84.8 168 78.7 147 82.0 315 household Missing/DK . 0 (*) 3 (*) 3 66
Male Female Total Background characteristics % attendance* Number of % attendance* Number of % attendance* # of children children children Wealth index Q1 (poorest) 73.6 227 72.8 172 73.3 399 quintiles Q2 80.0 181 82.5 197 81.2 378 Q3 76.5 216 77.1 188 76.8 404 Q4 84.1 257 85.1 190 84.5 447 Q5 (richest) 88.9 305 89.3 268 89.1 573 Mother Bislama 73.0 221 79.5 192 75.9 413 tongue of Other 81.2 962 81.1 818 81.2 1,780 head § National 80.0 1,186 80.9 1015 80.4 2,201 Source: MICS 2007.* MICS indicator 55 and MDG indicator 6; (*) per cent count has been suppressed as the Figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases; § eight missing cases. The Ministry of Education’s 2007 statistics indicate that net enrolment for primary-schoolage children has decreased since 2005, from a net enrolment rate of 95.1 per cent to 85.4 per cent. The male rate is slightly higher (86.2 per cent) than that for females (84.5 per cent). While net secondary school enrolment rates have been increasing, they still remain very low. Only 46.6 per cent of junior secondary-school-age students were enrolled in 2007, which is among the lowest in the Pacific. For senior secondary-school-age youth (17 to 20), only 11.7 per cent were enrolled. Analysis As mentioned above, school fees have been a major cause of low enrolments. Other reasons for low enrolment and attendance are long travel distances, poor quality teaching, inappropriate curriculum and poor condition of school facilities. Cultural traditions and kastom are also noted as reasons for low enrolment and attendance, as priority is given to domestic and agricultural tasks and family duties (ADB 2009a, p. 94). Tables 3.9 and 3.10 summarize a range of factors that affect school quality and cost. Table 3.9: Primary schools, expenditures and enrolments Number of primary schools Expenditure per pupil (VUV) Number of primary enrolments 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Total 462 456 437 25,104 31,361 41,076 40,327 39,212 37,874 Malampa 99 98 92 na na na 7,575 7,438 6,667 Penama 68 65 65 na na na 5,450 5,134 4,982 Sanma 99 99 94 na na na 7,809 7,797 7,502 Shefa 83 81 80 na na na 10,467 10,195 9,940 Tafea 89 89 83 na na na 7,130 6,897 7,145 Torba 24 24 23 na na na 1,896 1,751 1,638 na: not available Table 3.10: Primary school teachers and facilities Pupils per teacher Pupils per certified teacher Pupils per qualified teacher Teachers with qualifications Schools with piped water Schools with power supply Total 23 52 46 58% 47% 38% Malampa 22 55 47 60% na na Penama 21 68 55 57% na na Sanma 21 45 40 58% na na Shefa 27 56 50 53% na na Tafea 23 40 37 62% na na Torba 26 86 79 65% na na Source: Ministry of Education Digest, 2007. na: not available Note: Forms of power supply include generators, mains, and solar/wind/water power. 67
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© United Nations Children’s Fund
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Public budgets.....................
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References.........................
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Tables Table 1.1: Composite vulnera
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Acknowledgements Contributions to e
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GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
Page 15 and 16: on aspects of child well-being in V
Page 17 and 18: people, settlers, and ‘lazy’ pe
Page 19 and 20: Table 1.1: Composite vulnerability
Page 21 and 22: that Vanuatu has one of the highest
Page 23 and 24: Vatu Millions shown in Figure 1.5,
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.7: Population growth rate
Page 27 and 28: and expanding business opportunitie
Page 29 and 30: Public spending on other social pol
Page 31 and 32: proposals. This contribution focuse
Page 33 and 34: The 2006 HIES provides the basis fo
Page 35 and 36: To estimate the cost of the FPL in
Page 37 and 38: 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Millennium De
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.2: Correlates of expenditur
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3: Probability of experienc
Page 43 and 44: employment opportunities for their
Page 45 and 46: Box 3: Child deprivation measures T
Page 47 and 48: The province that is arguably the w
Page 49 and 50: At least one severe deprivation At
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.6: Child poverty as multipl
Page 53 and 54: GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
Page 55 and 56: Table 3.1: Child nutrition outcomes
Page 57 and 58: Malaria is the major public health
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.3: Home management of diarr
Page 61 and 62: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is a recent conce
Page 63 and 64: The Act also states that it is base
Page 65: Early marriage may be encouraged fo
Page 69 and 70: GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
Page 71 and 72: Education trends are more positive,
Page 73 and 74: Overall, Malampa performs best of a
Page 75 and 76: has significant problems with child
Page 77 and 78: NZAID, 2008, ‘Launch of NZ’s Pa
Page 79 and 80: Table A1.3: Children under the nati
Page 81 and 82: % N Family vulnerability Orphan chi
Page 83 and 84: Odds of no deprivation Odds of at l
Page 85 and 86: Table A1.11: HIV testing and counse
Page 87 and 88: Birth is registered? (%) Birth is n
Page 89 and 90: Annex 2. Policies Table A2.1: Natio
Page 91 and 92: Document that sets out goals and st
Page 93 and 94: Document that sets out goals and st
Page 95: Document that sets out goals and st
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