Global Study On Child Poverty And Disparities (PDF) - Social Policy ...

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Table 4.2: Relative performance of provinces and urban centres on child disparity indicators Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Luganville Port Vila Vanuatu Share of children 5.0 13.3 17.1 14.9 13.7 17.9 5.0 13.1 100.0 Poverty Below $1.25/day 2.63 0.20 0.30 0.43 1.98 2.19 0.19 0.37 1.00 National BNPL 2.32 0.74 1.01 0.65 1.33 1.53 0.29 0.35 1.00 Regional BNPL 1.79 0.35 0.45 0.27 1.15 1.30 0.84 2.43 1.00 50% median 2.01 0.85 0.95 0.78 1.19 1.55 0.40 0.35 1.00 Deprivation Shelter 2.97 0.76 2.66 0.24 0.04 2.11 0.23 0.06 1.00 Sanitation 1.53 3.07 0.00 0.00 0.17 2.63 1.03 0.17 1.00 Water 0.70 1.36 0.69 0.49 0.55 2.66 0.00 0.16 1.00 Information 1.60 1.24 1.44 1.30 0.67 1.37 0.25 0.12 1.00 Food 1.58 2.82 1.62 1.38 1.00 1.50 2.28 3.92 1.00 Education 1.04 0.28 0.68 0.07 0.37 1.28 0.31 0.43 1.00 Health 1.07 1.13 1.11 0.17 0.98 1.32 1.54 1.45 1.00 At least 1 severe deprivation 2.06 1.27 1.63 0.37 0.36 2.01 0.44 0.44 1.00 2+ severe deprivations 1.85 0.98 1.94 0.08 0.16 3.30 0.23 0.13 1.00 Food deprivation Underweight 1.19 1.23 1.23 0.99 0.80 0.72 1.47 0.84 1.00 Severely underweight 1.82 1.64 1.64 1.27 0.27 0.77 0.73 1.45 1.00 Stunted 0.75 1.11 1.11 1.15 0.82 0.88 0.84 1.11 1.00 Severely stunted 0.47 1.31 1.31 0.96 0.75 1.01 1.07 1.53 1.00 Wasted 1.34 1.78 1.78 0.71 0.88 0.17 1.49 1.17 1.00 Other Birth registration 1.23 1.06 1.06 1.25 0.88 2.04 0.58 0.70 1.00 Marriage by 15 0.14 0.96 0.96 0.73 1.40 1.14 0.36 0.93 1.00 Marriage by 18 0.34 0.97 0.97 0.87 1.31 1.34 0.55 0.85 1.00 School attendance 1.01 1.06 1.06 0.86 0.97 1.14 0.99 0.95 1.00 Legend: Red/High: More than 1.5 times the average. Blue/Average: Between 0.5 and 1.5 times the average. Green/Low: Less than half the average. Scores for school attendance and birth registration are inverted from original scores to reflect that higher rankings on these dimensions are better than lower rankings. The degree of variance in outcomes also differs across indicators. For example, differences across provinces in the extent of the various measures of food deprivation are relatively narrow. The variation in shelter and sanitation outcomes is much greater, with the variation in expenditure poverty outcomes falling between these extremes. A further way of summarising these results into a single composite indicator is shown in Figure 4.2, which calculates the unweighted average of the provincial scores in each dimension. This is a simple way of ranking each province’s performance, but it illustrates the possible effects of taking into account the range of potential dimensions of disadvantage. Certain features of the results are of particular interest. First, when all indicators are given the same weight, then it is Tafea and not Torba that comes out as the most disadvantaged, even though Torba is disadvantaged in terms of more indicators than Tafea. This is due to the fact that Torba does relatively well in a number of dimensions, including stunting and early marriage. Tafea contains nearly 18 per cent of Vanuatu’s children, while Torba has only 5 per cent. Thus the concentration of disadvantage is greater in Tafea. Figure 4.2: Relative disadvantage by location, 2006 to 2007 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 Malampa Luganville Shefa Port Vila Vanuatu Penama Sanma Torba Tafea Source: Calculated by authors 72
Overall, Malampa performs best of any location in Vanuatu; Shefa also performs better than Port Vila. Malampa performs at the average or better in every category, while Shefa performs significantly worse than the average in only one category. International comparisons A further basis for assessing Vanuatu’s relative performance on child poverty and disparities is provided in Table 4.3, which compares results derived in this study with the results in a recent report to UNICEF on child poverty in East Asia and the Pacific (Minujin 2011). Vanuatu has the highest proportion of children in the population of any of the seven countries included. It has the second highest GDP per capita, but its level of expenditure inequality is above the group average. Absolute poverty, as measured by the proportion of children living on less than $1.25 per day, is one of the lowest in this group, but not as low as in Mongolia or Thailand. The proportion of children experiencing severe deprivations is also lower than in most other countries except Thailand. The proportion of children experiencing severe deprivation of shelter or sanitation is also well below the average and comparable to the level in Thailand. The proportion of children experiencing water deprivation is above the group average, however, and the proportion experiencing information deprivation is by far the highest of any country – although, as noted earlier, this is likely to have improved significantly in recent years. The proportion of children in Vanuatu experiencing severe deprivation in food, education or health is above the regional average, however. For example, the proportion experiencing food deprivation is worse than in Mongolia, a much poorer country overall. It is also notable that the proportion of Vanuatu children experiencing less severe health and education deprivation is far above the regional average. These deprivations can be considered as measures of effective delivery of services (immunisation and school attendance), suggesting that compared to these other countries, Vanuatu is better placed in relation to household resources but may be worse placed in regard to government delivery of services. Table 4.3: Child poverty and deprivation, Vanuatu and selected Asian countries Vanuatu Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Vietnam Philippines Thailand Subregion % under 18 45.7 41.6 45.5 33.2 32.9 40.7 26.7 38.0 GDP per capita (US$) 2,713 677 939 1,573 1,052 1,745 3,894 .. Gini coefficient 42 44 33 37 38 44 42 40 Poverty rate (under $1.25/ 5.4 26 44 2 22 23 2 17.8 day) National poverty rate 17 37 38 .. 23 40 12 28 1+ severe deprivations 25.2 90.1 75.2 64.0 39.0 31.0 16.0 36.0 2+ severe deprivations 4.9 63.5 51.1 29.0 15.0 8.0 2.0 14.1 Shelter 14.0 69.9 34.1 52.0 24.0 14.0 12.0 21.3 Sanitation 3.0 74.4 55.4 14.0 16.0 11.0 1.0 16.1 Water 8.0 14.3 25.9 29.0 8.0 7.0 2.0 7.6 Information 51.0 7.1 26.0 7.0 11.0 3.0 1.0 6.1 Food 10.0 15.6 18.6 7.0 * * 3.0 7.5 Education 5.0 8.1 14.2 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 2.6 Health 17.0 21.0 46.4 8.0 7.0 17.0 7.0 13.3 Less severe health 64.5 34.0 64.9 14.0 27.0 28.0 9.0 25.5 deprivation Less severe education deprivation 22.8 16.5 28.3 8.0 14.0 6.0 1.0 8.9 Source: Minujin, A., 2010, 73
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© United Nations Children’s Fund
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Public budgets.....................
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References.........................
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Tables Table 1.1: Composite vulnera
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Acknowledgements Contributions to e
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GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
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on aspects of child well-being in V
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people, settlers, and ‘lazy’ pe
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Table 1.1: Composite vulnerability
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Page 31 and 32: proposals. This contribution focuse
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Page 35 and 36: To estimate the cost of the FPL in
Page 37 and 38: 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Millennium De
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.2: Correlates of expenditur
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3: Probability of experienc
Page 43 and 44: employment opportunities for their
Page 45 and 46: Box 3: Child deprivation measures T
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Page 49 and 50: At least one severe deprivation At
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.6: Child poverty as multipl
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Page 55 and 56: Table 3.1: Child nutrition outcomes
Page 57 and 58: Malaria is the major public health
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.3: Home management of diarr
Page 61 and 62: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is a recent conce
Page 63 and 64: The Act also states that it is base
Page 65 and 66: Early marriage may be encouraged fo
Page 67 and 68: Male Female Total Background charac
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Page 91 and 92: Document that sets out goals and st
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