Global Study On Child Poverty And Disparities (PDF) - Social Policy ...

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Figure 3.7 and Table 3.7 present information on early marriage. Figure 3.7: Women age 15-49 years who were in a marriage or union before their 15th birthday, by mother’s education and by region (%) 14.0 12.0 12.0 9.8 10.0 8.3 8.0 8.0 6.5 6.7 5.0 6.0 12.5 5.1 4.0 2.5 1.0 2.0 0 Secondary+ Primary None Luganville Port Vila Torba Sanma Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea Mother’s Education Region Source: MICS 2007. Two indicators of early marriage among females are the percentages of girls married before age 15 and before age 18. About 7 per cent of women in Vanuatu are married before the age of 15, and 13 per cent of women between the ages of 15-19 are currently married. Early marriage differs by region: marriage before 15 is most prevalent in Penama and Shefa (12 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively), and lowest in Torba (1 per cent). While there are no other substantial differences in the percentage of women married before the age of 15 by other background characteristics, the percentage of women 15-19 who are currently in a union is particularly high for women in the poorest and second poorest wealth quintiles – 21 and 27 per cent respectively, compared to 2 to 14 per cent in the other wealth quintiles. Regional differences are noticeable in the marriage rate for women between 15 and 19 years, ranging from 8 per cent in Torba to 32 per cent in Tafea. Table 3.7: Early marriage and its correlates, 2007 Women age 15-49 Women age 20-49 Women age 15-19 % married Total % married Total number % currently Total number before age 15* number in before age 18* in category married ** Background characteristics in category category Region Tafea 8.0 268 31.6 237 16.1 31 Shefa 9.8 279 31.0 233 15.2 46 Malampa 5.1 209 20.6 181 17.9 28 Penama 12.0 192 27.8 176 (*) 16 Sanma 6.7 194 23.0 154 20.0 40 Torba 1.0 279 8.0 237 11.9 42 Port Vila 6.5 764 20.0 607 4.5 157 Luganville 2.5 507 12.9 410 11.3 97 Residence Urban 5.5 1,271 18.3 1,017 6.2 254 Rural 7.5 1,421 25.4 1,218 15.9 203 Age 15-19 1.9 457 . . 12.8 457 20-24 8.8 522 27.1 522 . . 25-29 9.0 470 24.8 470 . . 30-34 9.1 405 26.6 405 . . 35-39 6.9 393 19.8 393 . . 40-44 7.4 241 19.8 241 . . 45-49 5.1 204 15.4 204 . . Education None 5.0 171 17.0 154 (*) 17 Primary 8.3 1,552 26.7 1,304 14.5 248 Secondary + 4.5 955 18.4 764 10.0 191 Wealth index Q1 (poorest) 7.6 358 28.4 308 21.2 50 quintiles Q2 7.8 411 25.0 358 27.1 53 Q3 8.1 426 24.3 358 14.2 68 Q4 5.1 549 20.1 463 2.1 86 Q5 (richest) 6.3 948 20.5 748 5.6 200 Mother Bislama 4.1 592 17.3 487 12.0 105 tongue of Other 7.5 2,090 24.7 1,740 13.0 350 head § National 7.0 2,692 23.6 2,235 12.8 457 * MICS indicator 67; ** MICS indicator 68; (*) per cent count has been suppressed as the Figure is based on fewer than 25 unweighted cases; grey italics = Figure is based on 25-49 unweighted cases; § 10 missing cases. 64
Early marriage may be encouraged for daughters’ protection, family honour and social obligation. There is evidence to suggest that girls who marry at young ages are more likely to marry older men and consequently are more likely to become widows at an early age. The MICS survey indicates that 32 per cent of currently married females age 15-19 were married to men 10 or more years older than them, while 10 per cent of women age 20-24 are currently married or in a union with a man who is 10 years older or more. Education Education in not compulsory in Vanuatu, and enrolments and attendance are among the lowest in the Pacific. The education system consists of early childhood centres for children age 3 to 5, primary education (years 1 to 6) for ages 6 to 12, junior secondary education (years 7 to 10) for ages 13 to 16, senior secondary education (years 11 to 13/14) for age 17 to 20, and tertiary education for ages 13 to 18. The Ministry of Education is currently in the process of extending primary schooling to year 8, to cater for students to age 14 (ADB 2009a, pp. 93-95). The government has recently announced an initiative to abolish school fees. Instituting free education at the primary level is expected to deliver significant improvements in enrolment and education outcomes. 16 As with health, the dispersed population presents a major challenge to service delivery and per unit costs in the education sector. In 2007, 25.8 per cent of total government expenditure went to education, an increase of 4.5 per cent since 2005. This represented 6.0 per cent of GDP in 2007, compared with 4.8 per cent in 2005 (Ministry of Education 2007). While the level of funding is high, outcomes remain poor. Aside from geography, other significant constraints include a lack of qualified personnel and cultural constraints to school enrolment, such as expectations for children’s contribution to subsistence agriculture. National laws, policies and programmes In 2006, the Government of Vanuatu endorsed the Sector Wide Approach Planning Strategy to lead the development of the Vanuatu Education Sector Strategy 2007–2016. This strategy was 16 The main source consulted for this section was the Ministry of Education’s Digest 2007, which summarizes key indicators and budget allocations for different levels of education across Vanuatu and within each region. Additional information on policy development, strategies and country plans are from outside sources, including the ADB Economic Report 2009 and a review of NZAID funding commitments in Vanuatu. developed through a consultation process initiated by the National Education Summit of Education in 2006, and was approved by the Development Committee of Offices and the Council of Ministers. Its core goals include achieving universal primary education completion; strengthening literacy, language skills and numeracy; developing a national pre-school curriculum and training programme; improving curriculum at all levels; improving training of teachers and decreasing teacher-pupil ratios; improving facilities and resources; improving relationships with parents and improving management. The high-level PAA also establishes key strategic directions for education: improving access and ensuring a gender and rural/urban balance; raising the quality and relevance of education; improving planning and fiscal management, and developing a distinctive Vanuatu education system. In 2009, Planning Long, Acting Short further prioritised improving quality and phasing out primary school fees. As a result of these developments, a more focused plan is elaborated in the draft Vanuatu Education Road Map 2009. Its key targets are increasing net primary enrolments to 85 per cent by 2011 and 100 per cent by 2015 (an MDG goal); increasing literacy and numeracy skills; increasing the number of certified teachers; increasing technical and vocational enrolments and strengthening financial management in the sector. The key strategy is to ensure fee-free primary schools by 2012. This will be done through government grants to schools so that they can eliminate fees. In 2010 it was expected that parents will see a decline of fees by up to VUV5,000 per child, with grants to schools of about VUV6,800 per child. By 2012 it is expected there will be no need for compulsory parental contributions. The initiative is expected to cost about VUV500 million per year from 2012. Co-funded by NZAID and AusAID, the Vanuatu Education Support Action Plan was launched in June 2008, expected to build the capacity of the Ministry of Education to deliver a “higher quality of education to all children in Vanuatu.” The funds will also enable the Ministry to renovate 25 primary schools and buy supplies for the students (NZAID 2008). The Plan also supports the Primary Education Improvement Project to improve teacher quality. AusAID, New Zealand, the European Union, France and the World Bank also contributed $2.5 million (to Vanuatu’s Education Sector Annual Plan 2007–2008 to improve basic education through curriculum reform, teacher training and purchasing of supplies. 65
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© United Nations Children’s Fund
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Public budgets.....................
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Tables Table 1.1: Composite vulnera
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Acknowledgements Contributions to e
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Page 57 and 58: Malaria is the major public health
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.3: Home management of diarr
Page 61 and 62: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is a recent conce
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Page 67 and 68: Male Female Total Background charac
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