Global Study On Child Poverty And Disparities (PDF) - Social Policy ...

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Table 4.1: Progress towards selected Millennium Development Goals affecting children Goals and targets 1990 2000 Latest MDG scorecard 1. End poverty and hunger Unlikely % below $1 per day na nr 4% % below national poverty line na nr 16% <strong>Poverty</strong> gap ratio na na 5.6 Share of poorest quintile in total consumption na nr 7.4% Prevalence of underweight children under five years na 12.1% 15.9% Proportion below minimum dietary consumption na na nr 2. Ensure universal primary education Potentially Net enrolment ratio in primary education 88% 75% 86% % of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 8 (last grade of primary) na 36.2% 66% % of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 na na 90% Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds 32% total 86% 86% men 85% women 92% 92% men 93% women 3. Promote gender equality and empower women Potentially Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education Primary: na Secondary: na Primary: 93 Secondary: 95 Primary: 91 Secondary:102 Tertiary: 40 Tertiary: 60 Tertiary: 85 4. Reduce child mortality Potentially Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 58 33 30 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births) 45 27 25 % of one-year-olds immunized against measles 66% 75% Routine 80% Catch up coverage 97% 5. Improve maternal health Potentially Maternal mortality per 100,000 live births na 96 86 Number of maternal deaths per year na 2 6 % of births attended by skilled personnel 79% 88% nr Contraceptive prevalence rate 15% 28% nr Birth rate per 1,000 women age 15-19 na 92 64 Antenatal care coverage na na 84% Unmet need for family planning na 24% na 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Insufficient data Incidence of malaria per 1,000 population 198 33 16 Deaths associated with malaria per 100,000 population 22 1.6 0.9 % of children under five sleeping under na 13% 81% insecticide-treated bed nets 7. Ensure environmental sustainability Probably % of households using improved drinking water source 68% 73% 81% % of households using improved sanitation facility 28% 50% 64% % of urban households living in a slum na na 30% Sources: UNDP MDG scorecard; Vanuatu National Statistics Office. Notes: na = not available; nr = not reliable. 70
Education trends are more positive, suggesting that a decline in the net enrolment ratio in primary school in the 1990s was reversed after 2000, and that there was an increase in the proportion of students reaching year eight. There also appear to have been large increases in the literacy rates of young adults. Gender equity trends are also positive, showing increases in the ratio of girls to boys in secondary and tertiary education. There also appear to be improvements in relation to child mortality, with the under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate each nearly halving since 1990, and with substantial increases in immunisation rates against measles. Maternal mortality trends also show an improvement, with the mortality ratio falling even if the number of maternal deaths increased. Both the proportion of births attended by skilled personnel and the contraceptive prevalence rate appear to have improved, and the teenage birth rate is falling. There also have been dramatic improvements in combating malaria, both in relation to its incidence and the associated death rate, as well as in the proportion of children sleeping under treated bed nets. Finally, there have been substantial improvements in the percentage of households using improved water sources, and even higher increases in the proportion using improved sanitation facilities. While many social outcomes have improved, it is clearly not possible to ascribe these improvements solely to the better economic performance over the past seven or eight years. In part this is due to limitations of the available data – for example, the lack of reliable trend data on household incomes and expenditures means that it is not possible to see whether the aggregate trends in national income have been mirrored in improvements in household incomes, particularly at lower income levels. Moreover, some improvements (for example, the increase in literacy rates of 15- to 24-yearolds and the improvements in infant and child mortality) were more rapid between 1990 and 2000 than subsequently – that is, when rates of economic growth were lower. This suggests that policy changes could have been more influential in this earlier period. It is plausible that improvements in some of these indicators could be expected to slow down over time, and that achieving further improvements will become more challenging. Having said this, the fact that recent economic trends have been favourable and a wide range of social outcomes have improved over the same or longer periods is grounds for cautious optimism. Similarly, the fact that telecommunications reforms appear likely to have dramatically reduced information deprivation in a relatively short time demonstrates that policy reform can have a substantial impact on deprivation. Provincial disparities Preceding sections have made it clear that regional differences make a major contribution to disparities in child well-being in Vanuatu. Given the significance of location as a source of disparities, it is worthwhile bringing together as many dimensions of well-being as possible and summarising these findings. Table 4.2 reviews the relative performance of different provinces. The ratio is calculated based on the Vanuatu national average Figure which is set at one. This allows us to understand how better or worse each province performs in relation to the national average. Provinces in which indicators are significantly worse than average (1.5 times the average or more) are shaded in red, average results (between 0.5 and 1.5 times the average) in blue, and better than average results (less than half the average) in green. All rankings are relative to the indicators chosen and give the same weight to each indicator (for example, the proportion of the child population below 50 per cent of median income is treated in the same way as the proportion who are severely underweight). Torba does significantly worse than the Vanuatu average in 11 of the 22 indicators, and Tafea does worse than average for nine indicators. Penama does worse than average in five indicators and Sanma in four, with no other province or location doing so poorly. However, Torba does better than average for three indicators, while Tafea does better than average in only one category. Malampa performs around the average or better in all categories, and overall appears to have the best outcomes for children. Shefa also performs relatively well in nearly all categories, except the proportion of children living below $1.25 a day. Luganville and Port Vila also perform better than average in many dimensions, but Luganville does very poorly in two categories (food and health) and Port Vila in three (regionally disaggregated poverty, food deprivation and severe stunting). 71
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© United Nations Children’s Fund
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Public budgets.....................
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References.........................
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Tables Table 1.1: Composite vulnera
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Acknowledgements Contributions to e
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GLOBAL STUDY ON CHILD POVERTY & DIS
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on aspects of child well-being in V
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people, settlers, and ‘lazy’ pe
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Page 21 and 22: that Vanuatu has one of the highest
Page 23 and 24: Vatu Millions shown in Figure 1.5,
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.7: Population growth rate
Page 27 and 28: and expanding business opportunitie
Page 29 and 30: Public spending on other social pol
Page 31 and 32: proposals. This contribution focuse
Page 33 and 34: The 2006 HIES provides the basis fo
Page 35 and 36: To estimate the cost of the FPL in
Page 37 and 38: 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Millennium De
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.2: Correlates of expenditur
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.3: Probability of experienc
Page 43 and 44: employment opportunities for their
Page 45 and 46: Box 3: Child deprivation measures T
Page 47 and 48: The province that is arguably the w
Page 49 and 50: At least one severe deprivation At
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.6: Child poverty as multipl
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Page 55 and 56: Table 3.1: Child nutrition outcomes
Page 57 and 58: Malaria is the major public health
Page 59 and 60: Table 3.3: Home management of diarr
Page 61 and 62: HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS is a recent conce
Page 63 and 64: The Act also states that it is base
Page 65 and 66: Early marriage may be encouraged fo
Page 67 and 68: Male Female Total Background charac
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Page 73 and 74: Overall, Malampa performs best of a
Page 75 and 76: has significant problems with child
Page 77 and 78: NZAID, 2008, ‘Launch of NZ’s Pa
Page 79 and 80: Table A1.3: Children under the nati
Page 81 and 82: % N Family vulnerability Orphan chi
Page 83 and 84: Odds of no deprivation Odds of at l
Page 85 and 86: Table A1.11: HIV testing and counse
Page 87 and 88: Birth is registered? (%) Birth is n
Page 89 and 90: Annex 2. Policies Table A2.1: Natio
Page 91 and 92: Document that sets out goals and st
Page 93 and 94: Document that sets out goals and st
Page 95: Document that sets out goals and st
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