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Collation, Correlation, and Causation in the Prehistory of Coastal Peru Spaulding, A. C. 1960 The Dimensions of Archaeology. In Essays in the Science of Culture in Honor of Leslie A. White, ed. G. E. Dole and R. L. Carneiro. Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, pp. 437–456. Wagensberg, J. 2008 Understanding Form. Biological Theory 3: 325–335. Wilkerson, S.J.K. 2008 And the Waters Took Them: Catastrophic Flooding and Civilization on the Mexican Gulf Coast. In El Niño, Catastrophism, and Culture Change in Ancient America, ed. D. H. Sandweiss and J. Quilter. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, pp. 243–271. Wilson, D. J. 1988 Prehispanic Settlement Patterns in the Lower Santa Valley, Peru: A Regional Perspective on the Origins and Development of Complex North Coast Society. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. 139
Daniel H. Sandweiss and Jeffrey Quilter Understanding Hazards, Mitigating Impacts, Avoiding Disasters Statement for Policy Makers and the Disaster Management Community Peru is famous for the soaring, seemingly ageless Andes Mountains and a coastal desert that preserves archaeological remains as if they had been abandoned decades instead of centuries ago. These impressions of long-term stability are illusions, however. Instead, the Andes and the coastal desert are the results of highly dynamic processes. The jagged Andes are young mountains still in the process of forming as the Nazca Plate, under the ocean, pushes below the continent and shoves the mountains upward. The desert is a product of the cold, offshore Humboldt Current that prevents rain from falling on the coast. The pressure of the Nazca Plate results in a steady uplifting of the desert coast, while the pressures of the geological plates create volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis. The slow uplift of the coast disrupts irrigation systems and other infrastructure in time periods that are best noted over the span of centuries and are thus imperceptible in a single human lifetime. Changes in the Humboldt Current and the release of pressure on the tectonic plates, however, occur suddenly and unexpectedly. The overriding of the cold waters of the Humboldt by warm waters from the north is referred to as El Niño Southern Oscillation events, or “El Niño” events in the popular press. Once barely known, El Niños are now understood as related to distinct weather patterns throughout a huge area of the globe. Nevertheless, scientific understanding of how El Niños are patterned is still under investigation. The only way to fully investigate this issue and related events is through archaeology and allied sciences because they provide views of (pre)history in remote times. There are challenges to archaeological investigations of past humanenvironment interaction, but they do not hinder them. In our chapter we present a long-term view of hazards and the human response for the desert coast of Peru and then focus on a specific example of synergistic hazards. At the broader scale, we collate El Niño events and major cultural and population changes from 13,000 BP to the present. Through time, increasing population sizes and growing complexity correlate with greater risks from natural hazards, with implications for human resilience—as life became riskier, populations increased and so did social complexity until a human hazard, the Spanish Conquest, brought local societies to their knees and decimated their populations. Looking specifically at the end of the first period of monumental society, we see synergistic hazards operating in ways that must still occur today. The chain of events starts with earthquakes producing debris. El Niño rains 140
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Contents Chapter 5. Collation, Corr
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Thomas H. McGovern Maine, on Octobe
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Thomas H. McGovern as this excellen
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Thomas H. McGovern McGovern, Thomas
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Chapter Abstracts eruptions, earthq
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Chapter Abstracts this is so becaus
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Chapter Abstracts Chapter 8 Long-Te
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Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The m
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper techn
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The b
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper or mi
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper tial
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper first
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper and-c
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper Burto
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Ben Fitzhugh enhanced support for r
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Ben Fitzhugh islands, which are als
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Ben Fitzhugh and millet farming sub
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Ben Fitzhugh 1.2. Eruption of Saryc
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Ben Fitzhugh a greater proportion o
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Ben Fitzhugh but reoccupation proce
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Ben Fitzhugh Large storms pass thro
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Ben Fitzhugh densely populated regi
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Ben Fitzhugh of sustainable settlem
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Ben Fitzhugh Blaikie, P., T. Cannon
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Ben Fitzhugh Marquardt, W. H. 1988
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Ben Fitzhugh Understanding Hazards,
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Payson Sheets a society, or which c
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Payson Sheets 2.1. Map of Mexico an
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Payson Sheets 2.3. Ilopango volcani
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Payson Sheets area such as El Salva
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Payson Sheets The Barriles society
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Payson Sheets 2.7. Cuicuilco, highl
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Payson Sheets communities around th
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Payson Sheets heading out to sea af
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Payson Sheets successful mitigation
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Payson Sheets Michels, Joe 1979 A H
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Payson Sheets Understanding Hazards
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Domination and Resilience in Bronze
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Nelson et al. Mexico (figure 8.1) t
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Nelson et al. 8.2. Images that illu
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Nelson et al. Specifically, we aske
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Nelson et al. its value in making a
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Nelson et al. 8.4). However, an ext
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Nelson et al. floodwater gave way t
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Nelson et al. 8.6. A Classic Mimbre
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Nelson et al. 3. Isolation can cont
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Nelson et al. Folke, Carl 2006 Resi
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Nelson et al. Tiempos Prehispánico
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Nelson et al. Turney, Omar 1929 Pre
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Nine Social Evolution, Hazards, and
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Social Evolution, Hazards, and Resi
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ten Global Environmental Change, Re
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Global Environmental Change, Resili
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Contributors David A. Abbott Arizon
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Contributors Jeffrey Quilter Harvar
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Index Bárdarbunga volcano, 72 Barr
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Index Hazards, 3, 6, 42, 92, 106, 2
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Index Paramushir Island, 25 Pastora
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Index social-ecological structure,
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