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Silent Hazards, Invisible Risks tion system prior to the Late Postclassic period. The presence at Otumba of Aztec II–III ceramics in the redeposited sediments overlying Mazapan phase ceramics indicates a still later erosion event, represented by post-Aztec sediments on the surface. Both Tlajinga and Otumba were situated in close proximity to rivers that have suffered severe incision, probably related to intensive deforestation of upper slopes, apparently dating from the Colonial period (figure 6.3). The presence of sand lenses attests to the deposition of sand on the cultivated surface as the water from these rivers was diverted to provide humidity for irrigation. Once incision lowered the available flow of water with respect to the field surface, irrigation was no longer feasible. The evidence for Aztec agricultural activities at both sites indicates that this process took place at a later time. The evidence for major hydraulic works in and around the city of Teotihuacan implies that seasonal flooding was a significant problem, for the urban center as well as surrounding agricultural areas. The city’s ceremonial center, the so-called Street of the Dead, stretches over 2 km north-south, with a difference in elevation of approximately 30 m from one extreme to the other—suggesting that runoff from the barrancas (gorges) and streams that discharged into the Rio San Juan had been channeled to divert excess water from the ceremonial center. It is hard to believe that channeling of the river was undertaken simply to conform to the urban grid, although it undoubtedly served to divert excess rainwater and waste from structures along the Street of the Dead. George L. Cowgill (2000, 2007) suggests that the Rio San Lorenzo may also have been channeled, based on its unusually straight course slightly south of the limits of urban Teotihuacan. The presence of waterlogged features and sediments was detected by Florencia Müller in archaeological tunnels excavated in the interior of the Sun Pyramid, associated with an earlier structure built prior to the monumental edifice (Gómez-Chávez 2008); similar conditions were encountered in recent excavations (Sarabia and Sugiyama 2010). Although a definitive explanation for this phenomenon is elusive, inundation water from the Rio San Juan may have permeated parts of the structure. Urban Expansion and Vulnerabilities in Agricultural Production Many aspects of architectural and other material remains of Teotihuacan society evoke in the observer impressions of hierarchy, rigid social control, and even arrogance, with their overwhelming emphasis on detailed planning, control of access to spaces and resources, together with frequent expansion and periodic urban renewal—in a word, aggrandizement. Although investigators earlier suggested that Teotihuacan’s residents were primarily agriculturalists who 151
Emily McClung de Tapia 6.3. Erosion and stream incision near Otumba in the eastern sector of the Teotihuacan Valley. Photo by Julia Pérez-Pérez. cultivated the surrounding fields (Millon 1976) and that food resources were unlikely to have been imported (Sanders 1976), emerging evidence for a highly structured elite dominating a large dependent class challenges this view. 152
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Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
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© 2012 by the University Press of
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Contents Chapter 5. Collation, Corr
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Thomas H. McGovern Maine, on Octobe
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Thomas H. McGovern as this excellen
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Thomas H. McGovern McGovern, Thomas
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Chapter Abstracts eruptions, earthq
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Chapter Abstracts this is so becaus
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Chapter Abstracts and concomitant f
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Chapter Abstracts Chapter 8 Long-Te
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Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The m
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper techn
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The b
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper or mi
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper tial
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper to co
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper first
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper and-c
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper Burto
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Ben Fitzhugh enhanced support for r
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Ben Fitzhugh islands, which are als
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Ben Fitzhugh and millet farming sub
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Ben Fitzhugh 1.2. Eruption of Saryc
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Ben Fitzhugh a greater proportion o
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Ben Fitzhugh but reoccupation proce
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Ben Fitzhugh Large storms pass thro
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Ben Fitzhugh densely populated regi
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Ben Fitzhugh of sustainable settlem
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Ben Fitzhugh Blaikie, P., T. Cannon
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Ben Fitzhugh Marquardt, W. H. 1988
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Ben Fitzhugh Understanding Hazards,
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Payson Sheets a society, or which c
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Payson Sheets 2.1. Map of Mexico an
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Payson Sheets 2.3. Ilopango volcani
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Payson Sheets area such as El Salva
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Payson Sheets The Barriles society
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Payson Sheets 2.7. Cuicuilco, highl
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Payson Sheets communities around th
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Payson Sheets heading out to sea af
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Payson Sheets successful mitigation
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Payson Sheets Michels, Joe 1979 A H
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Payson Sheets Understanding Hazards
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three Black Sun, High Flame, and Fl
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood th
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood fa
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Bo
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood et
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Te
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood In
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Th
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood 3.
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Ac
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Ha
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Black Sun, High Flame, and Flood Un
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Jago Cooper The absence of other ca
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Jago Cooper causality and the relat
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Jago Cooper scale case studies to c
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Jago Cooper the Caribbean lacks the
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Page 142 and 143: Five Collation, Correlation, and Ca
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Nelson et al. 8.2. Images that illu
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Nelson et al. Specifically, we aske
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Nelson et al. its value in making a
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Nelson et al. 8.4). However, an ext
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Nelson et al. floodwater gave way t
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Nelson et al. 8.6. A Classic Mimbre
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Nelson et al. 3. Isolation can cont
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Nelson et al. Folke, Carl 2006 Resi
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Nelson et al. Tiempos Prehispánico
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Nelson et al. Turney, Omar 1929 Pre
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Nine Social Evolution, Hazards, and
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Social Evolution, Hazards, and Resi
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ten Global Environmental Change, Re
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Global Environmental Change, Resili
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Contributors David A. Abbott Arizon
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Contributors Jeffrey Quilter Harvar
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Index Bárdarbunga volcano, 72 Barr
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Index Hazards, 3, 6, 42, 92, 106, 2
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Index Paramushir Island, 25 Pastora
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Index social-ecological structure,
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