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Responses to Explosive Volcanic Eruptions by Small to Complex Societies Sheets, Payson, and Thomas Sever 2007 Creating and Perpetuating Social Memory across the Ancient Costa Rican Landscape. In Remote Sensing in Archaeology, ed. James Wiseman and Farouk El-Baz. Springer, New York, pp. 161–184. Siebe, Claus 2000 Age and Archaeological Implications of Xitle Volcano, Southwestern Basin of Mexico-City. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 104: 45–64. Siebe, Claus, Michael Abrams, Jose Luis Macias, and Johannes Obenholzer 1996 Repeated Volcanic Disasters in Prehispanic Time at Popocatepetl, Central Mexico: Past Key to the Future Geology 24: 399–402. Webster, David, Anncorinne Freter, and Nancy Gonlin 2000 Copan: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. Harcourt, Fort Worth. White, Gilbert 1945 Human Adjustment to Flood. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Young, Bailey K. 2000 Climate and Crisis in Sixth-Century Italy and Gaul. In The Years without Summer: Tracing AD 536 and Its Aftermath, ed. Joel D. Gunn. BAR International Series 872. Archaeopress, Oxford, England, pp. 35–42. 63
Payson Sheets Understanding Hazards, Mitigating Impacts, Avoiding Disasters Statement for Policy Makers and the Disaster Management Community Hazards from volcanic eruptions, especially explosive eruptions, abound in Mexico and in every Central American country. Explosive eruptions can be damaging to vegetation, animals, and people, as the fine volcanic ash falling from the air can cause significant damage and, in large amounts, death. Volcanologists can detect the early signs that a volcano is building toward an eruption with a moderate degree of accuracy. They can perceive when a warning needs to be issued and thus when people with their animals and prized possessions need to evacuate the hazard zone. They pay particular attention to earthquakes, which indicate that magma sources are moving close to the surface as well as an increase in sulfur gases being emitted. Warnings should be initiated by well-trained experts because a premature or inaccurate warning that leads to an unnecessary evacuation makes evacuees less likely to heed the next order to evacuate. I suggest that planning and educational programs in schools and for adults be initiated in known hazardous areas so people know what to do in an emergency. Local nodes of decision-making need to be established so people are not waiting for information from the central government in the country’s capital. For example, Costa Rica’s Arenal Volcano has been very active in ancient, historic, and recent times and continues to emit lava, volcanic ash, and sulfur gas today. Pyroclastic flows (huge clouds of volcanic ash, gases that kill everything in their paths because they have temperatures in the range of hundreds of degrees Celsius) have rushed down the north side of the volcano in recent decades. Against volcanologists’ recommendations, resort lodges with hot spring pools have been built in those areas, and the only suggestion that acknowledges risk is for everyone to park their cars pointing outward toward the highway. This proposal is not smart, for if everyone rushed for their cars they would create a traffic jam, and the death rate would be extremely high. Rather, if people were told to simply climb the sides of the valley, most of them could reach relative safety within a few minutes. In this chapter volcanic eruptions that have been encountered in archaeological sites are documented in Costa Rica and other countries. Because of the nature of preservation, only the largest eruptions, those that caused the deepest burial and greatest consequences for both nature and people, are found. Our work around Arenal Volcano found ten large eruptions during the past 4,000 years, an average of one per 400 years. It would be a mistake to think that figure is an accurate representation of how often eruptions occur. I suggest that anyone interested in Arenal’s eruptions and thus risks to nearby 64
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Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
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© 2012 by the University Press of
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Contents Chapter 5. Collation, Corr
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Thomas H. McGovern Maine, on Octobe
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Thomas H. McGovern as this excellen
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Thomas H. McGovern McGovern, Thomas
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Chapter Abstracts eruptions, earthq
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Chapter Abstracts this is so becaus
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Chapter Abstracts and concomitant f
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Chapter Abstracts Chapter 8 Long-Te
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Surviving Sudden Environmental Chan
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The m
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper techn
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper The b
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper or mi
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Payson Sheets and Jago Cooper tial
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Jago Cooper Understanding Hazards,
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Five Collation, Correlation, and Ca
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Collation, Correlation, and Causati
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Emily McClung de Tapia 6.1. Prehisp
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Emily McClung de Tapia remains, sug
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Emily McClung de Tapia 6.3. Erosion
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Emily McClung de Tapia construction
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6.4. Flooding of the major highway
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Emily McClung de Tapia D. Qin, M. M
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Emily McClung de Tapia Lounejeva-Ba
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Emily McClung de Tapia Rivera-Uria,
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Domination and Resilience in Bronze
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Nelson et al. its value in making a
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Nelson et al. 3. Isolation can cont
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Nelson et al. Folke, Carl 2006 Resi
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Nelson et al. Tiempos Prehispánico
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Nelson et al. Turney, Omar 1929 Pre
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Nine Social Evolution, Hazards, and
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Social Evolution, Hazards, and Resi
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ten Global Environmental Change, Re
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Global Environmental Change, Resili
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Contributors David A. Abbott Arizon
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Contributors Jeffrey Quilter Harvar
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Index Bárdarbunga volcano, 72 Barr
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Index Hazards, 3, 6, 42, 92, 106, 2
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Index Paramushir Island, 25 Pastora
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Index social-ecological structure,
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