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Index
Social construction processes, 227–28
Social control, elites and, 8, 58
Social-ecological systems, 230–31, 237; environmental
change and, 198–200; rigidity
traps and, 210–13; Teotihuacan region,
147–48; vulnerabilities, 242–43
Social evolution, 11, 224–25, 226; hazards
and resilience in, 228–31
Social networks, 17; isolation and, 11, 33–35;
reciprocal, 14–15, 240
Social relations, 8, 11, 124; subsistence and,
230–31
Social stratification: Mesoamerican, 54–55,
56–57, 152; Mesopotamia, 11, 172–73
Societies, 44, 201; disruption of, 51–52;
evolution of, 224–26; flexibility of, 35–36,
89, 181, 211, 240; Icelandic, 68, 69, 71;
Mesopotamia, 172–73; response to hazards,
223–24; small-scale mobile, 36–37;
vulnerability and resilience of, 45–50,
52–55, 56–58
Socioeconomic networks: Caribbean, 105;
Kuril Islands, 33–35, 37
Sociopolitical structure, Mesopotamia, 169
Sodalities: Mesa Verde, 230–31; pan-tribal,
224–25
Soil analyses, Teotihuacan region, 148
Soil degradation: Classic Maya, 55;
Mesopotamia, 179. See also Salinization
South America, and ENSO, 9–10
South Asia, 14
Southeast Asia, 187
Southern Mesopotamia, 168–69; Babylonian
control, 183–84; river channel shifts,
177–78; salinization, 178–79
Soviet Union, 24, 25
Spanish Colonial period: Basin of Mexico,
150, 155–56, 165; Central America, 50;
coastal Peru, 127–28
Spanish Conquest: Basin of Mexico, 165;
coastal Peru, 130, 132, 140
States, 225, 232
Storms, Kuril Islands, 32
Street of the Dead (Teotihuacan), 151,
153–54
Subsistence, 14, 153, 232, 240; Caribbean
islands, 9, 105; coastal Peru, 124–26;
diversification of, 202–6, 213, 221;
Iceland, 71, 76; Kuril Islands, 19,
36–37; and social structure, 230–31.
See also Agriculture; Hunter-gatherers;
Pastoralism
Sumatra, 58
Supe Culture, 128–29
Syria, 180, 186; Bronze Age sites, 169, 171
Talud-tablero architecture, distribution of, 53
Taxation, Southeast Asia, 187
Technology, environmental challenges, 241
Tells, Mesopotamian, 171, 171–72
Tenancy, institutional, 187
Teotihuacan, 10, 143, 165, 239; decline of,
146–47; exchange system, 145–46; growth
of, 151–54; and volcanic refugees, 53, 54,
232; water control systems, 154–56, 165
Teotihuacan Valley, 146; deforestation, 149–
50, 239; environment, 144–45, 146–47,
155–56; erosion in, 150–51, 152; hazards,
148–49; social complexity of, 156–57;
social-ecological structure, 147–48
Tephra falls: Central America, 48, 49; in
Iceland, 73–74, 78, 82–83. See also
Volcanic ash
Tephrochronology, 77–78, 81, 82
Terraces, 241; Teotihuacan Valley, 153, 155
Tetimpa, 53, 56
Texcoco, 147, 154, 156
Texcoco, Lake, draining of, 155–56
Thjórsardalur region, 80
Thórarinsson, Sigurdur, 77
Thórsmörk, settlement of, 79–80
Tigris River, 178; floods on, 176–77
Tikal, 55, 56
Tlailotlacan, 153
Tlajinga region, 153; erosional sequences at,
150–51
Tlamimilolpa phase, 150
Toluca Valley, 153
Toxic fallout, from volcanoes, 74–75
Trade networks: Ainu and, 34–35; Basin of
Mexico, 145–46; Mayan, 55–56
Transformability, 147
Tribes, 224–25
Tsunamis, 14; knowledge of, 44, 58; Kuril
Islands, 7, 22, 30–31
Tula, 154
Tzacualli phase, 153
US Southwest, 11, 200, 221; irrigation systems,
206–10, 239; population and environment,
229–30; rigidity traps, 210–13;
social-ecological systems, 230–31
Urban centers, 165; environmental hazards,
10–11; Mesopotamia, 169–71, 172–73;
255